A Basis for Morality Essay -- Biology Essays Research Papers

A Basis for Morality In humanity's quest to distinguish itself from the rest of the animal world, a claim to morality has long been one of its greatest arguments. Perhaps second only to reason as a distinguishing characteristic, the ability to exhibit moral behavior instills in humans a distinct sense of natural order. Yet when anthropocentric egoism is dropped and we recognize that we are not, in fact, much different from other animals, our distinctive moral behavior begs explanation. What compels the majority of humans to behave morally? Why do some not? How should we respond to behaviors that are either immoral or amoral? Do we possess an innate sense of morality, determined by our neurobiology? Or to put it another (more provocative) way, is morality absolute? To begin understanding the causes of moral behavior, we must understand what we mean by morality. First, it must be emphasized that the specifics of morality - whether a given instance of behavior is moral - is not in question here. Abortion may or may not be moral; that is a very different question. At issue here is the question of why we choose one behavior over another on grounds of morality, and how it is possible that we can consider behaviors in terms of "right" and "wrong." This brings forth an assumption implicit in morality. In judging the morality or immorality of a behavior, we accept the assertion that the behavior is chosen by the actor. Any behavior that is not chosen is considered amoral, outside the realm of morality. Thus, free will is seen as a necessary predicate of morality. This assumption will be considered more thoroughly later. Morality itself may be considered in two parts: behavior that directly affects other individuals and behavior ... ...sy.html 5)Depression, from the National Institute for Mental Health. http://www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/depressionmenu.cfm 6)No Longer Gage: A Glimpse into Sociability, Temperament, and the Brain, by Julia Johnson. 1998. http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/neuro/neuro98/202s98-paper1/Johnson.html 7)Notes for Biology 202: Neurobiology and Behavior, by Paul Grobstein. 2001. http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/neuro/neuro98/202s98-paper1/Johnson.html 8)Simple Networks, Simple Rules: Learning and Creating Categories, by Paul Grobstein. Applet by Bogdan Butoi. 1998. http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/complexity/perceptron/learning1.html 9)Reciprocal Altruism: Cooperation Among Animals, by Joan Strassmann. 2000. http://dacnet.rice.edu/courses/bios321/lectures/Class11Recipalthtml/ 10)Free Will? by Paul Grobstein. 2000. http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/freewill1.html

Effect of Celebrity Endorsement on Consumer Behavior on the Youth of Pakistan Essay

In our research we have to just focus on the youth so our target area is â€Å"Lahore† because more than 75% are students are here. We chose Lahore as my population because it is well develop city and here large number of consumer’s are educated as compare to other many cities. More over people from all over Pakistan are living in Lahore. Sample size A sample of two hundred consumers was chosen on the basis of simple random sampling because the respondent are divided on the bases of demographic factor like age. We categories the sample of 200 respondents 160 males and 40 females because mostly females do not gave proper response. Sampling Technique The data has been collected from the respondent living in Lahore with the help of Mail questionnaires, consisting of 12 questions were developing to quantify my observation and give study a direction. we chose the probability based simple random sampling because the respondents are divided on the bases of demographic factor like age(16 to 30). Unit of analyses In this research paper we chose the individual person through the mail questionnaire because every individual have its own perception regarding buying so they individually can easily gave response that either celebrity endorsement effect on buying behavior or not. Research Instrument When we choosing a research instrument we focus on dimension of variable and also validity and reliability of variable so, we chose the scaling method as research instrument. Through scaling method we easily measure the idea, concept theme and document of research problem. We use likert scale in our questionnaire. Data collection method Basically in this paper two types of data have been used. Both are listed below: I. Primary data Primary data is the one which is collected from the scratch meaning that the data is collecting from the source and it has not changed hands. In this paper primary data has been collected from the respondents from Lahore via mail questionnaire that consist of 12 questions. The questions were structured, placed in a sequence to understand the consumer perception. The respondents were chosen randomly and the data obtained from their questionnaires was analyzed to come up with the findings. II. Secondary data Secondary data is the one which is collected from secondary source. This research study also contains secondary data .The secondary data was collected for the purpose of literature review. The secondary data was collected from different research journals and furthermore from different websites were used for this purpose. Data Organization Data organization is also called data washing. Data washing means separate the data of out layer and those respondents who just fill the questionnaires without any thinking. Reliability and Validity of Data In this step of research design check the data validity and reliability so, for checking the validity and reliability of data we focus on different test. We choose the t-test for checking the validity and reliability of our research study. Data analysis In this research paper for the analysis of data we focus on goodness of data, hypothesis testing and also focus on feel for data. In goodness of data we see the reliability and validity of data and in hypothesis testing we see that either my research study approve or disapprove. We analyze our data by regression and simple percentage method by using SPSS software.

Malware, Spyware And Adware Essay

How do we get Spyware How Spyware operates Spyware effects Man In Middle attack Counter-Measures Anti-Malware Techniques Bibliography Introduction: From the early days of cracking passwords and stealing information from personal computers, to deadly Internet based attacks that can shake entire’s nation security, cyber crimes have evolved from the endeavors of entertainment by cyber kiddies to organized crimes and terrorist activities of cyber mafia. Virus Attacks, hacking, browser hijacks, spam, phishing and so on are various manifestations of malicious activities that have evolved on the internet in last couple of decades. Malware is one such tool that has emerged as a widely preferred choice to consummate criminal activities on the Internet. Malware is new genre of hostile software, written in a high level language. Normally they target technical vulnerabilities in the system. Spyware, adware, Trojans, virus, worms are very common form of Malware prevalent on the Internet. It propagates through emails, IM and other web services. It can be categorized into criminal and business malware. Criminal malware is used in cyber terrorism and vandalism; while business malware is used for business/monetary benefits. Spyware is a software program that collects personal information of the users without their formal consent. Unlike viruses and worms, spyware does not usually self replicate, or intrude into the system directly or spread from one system to another; instead, it intrudes into a system by deceiving the user or exploiting software vulnerabilities in a system. Once it gets into the system, its implications can range from disturbing to devastating. It propagates using personalization cookies, tracking cookies, Trojans, drive-by downloads, hacking and piggybacking. Malware: Along with viruses, malware is the biggest threat today to the computer users. It can hijack the browser, redirect search results, serve up pop-ups and many more. Malware stands for â€Å"malicious software† and is used to identify all unwanted and potentially unwanted software. We can get infected by malware in several ways. It often comes bundled with other programs (examples include kazaa and i-mesh). These are usually pop-up ads, that send revenue from the ads to the program’s authors. Others are installed from the website, pretending to be software needed to view the site. Its most destructive feature is that once we are infected with the malware, it tends to multiply!! Earlier, it was mainly written for the destruction of computers and their data but now a days malware development is a big business. It is mostly used as a tool for extorting money out of its victims. In the form of rogue security programs, these are used to convince uneducated computer users to purchase the removal software from the same people who have written it. The types of malware are: Adware- It is the class of software that monitors the internet use for known e-commerce sites. When a user attempts to reach a site, adware pops-up suggesting an alternate site which may or may not be legitimate. Porn Dialers- This software was used heavily during the days when modem was the primary mechanism for connecting to the internet. This used to silently disconnect a modem from its service providers and redial to another premium rate telephone number. The resulting phone number charges, usually that of far-removed countries, would be found by the user only on its next telephone bill. Backdoors- These are the software tools which are mostly used to bypass existing security mechanisms present in either operating system or any application. Exploits- It is a general term used to describe any software code that is specifically designed to take advantage of a known weakness in operating system or application code. When vulnerabilities exist on a system, the exploits can be created to grant attacker administrative privileges, disclose or destroy any data or complete any task. Key loggers- These are the original spyware. It is a type of malware that is mostly used to â€Å"spy† on the user of a system. One way to accomplish this is to log every keystroke typed into that system and then using that data to extract credit card & social security numbers and all other sensitive information. Trojans- It is software that illegitimately performs some action that is different than its stated purpose. It may appear to be a legitimate software package that accomplishes a task desired by the user but at the same time after installing it can also perform some illegitimate tasks like destroying personal data. Examples of malware: GAIN- It is one of the oldest and best known examples of malware, created by Claria company. webHancer- It is a spyware application that is commonly bundled with other programs. Upon installation, it starts a program that runs in the background and collect details of the webpages we visit. ISTBar- It is a combination of toolbar and hijacker. It installs a toolbar with search functions provided by slotch. com. Recent Attacks:- Katrina-themed Malware attack Hits the Net – – This malicious site hosted in Poland harbors a secondary line of attack designed especially to dupe windows users. It cynically offers a â€Å"free scan† for the zotob worm that in reality infects users. It also exploits well known IE vulnerabilities to install a variety of Trojans including Cgab-A, Borobot-Q etc. Most Recent Malware: Stealth Malware Stealth is a program that deliberately tries to conceal its presence in the system. It may try to hide changes it introduced in the system, including dropped files, file changes, running processes, registry settings etc. Malware Development Life Cycle- In recent years, malware has evolved in complexity to rival many decent sized software projects. This indicates an improvement in decent methodologies that enables malware producers to improve their output and capability to achieve maximum gain. Following are the steps generally deployed by the creators of malware to ensure its success: Get the malware onto the target system. Ensure the survival of the malware in the target system. Once establish engage its payload. There are several ways by which malware can be installed on the target machine. Some of these include websites or vulnerabilities in software installed on target machine. There are also actively spreading worms, which propagates via emails, peer to peer network, and IM. A growing trend is not to target vulnerabilities in software but to exploit the users of that software. Malware tricks the users and entice the user to download. One of the major requirement of malware is to remain undetected and viable once installed on the target machine. For this purpose the most common techniques used are compression and encryption. Now a days two more techniques are getting common i. e. code obfuscation and executable injectors. Once establish the main job of malware is to deliver the payload. This payload varies from malware to malware. Spyware- It is a type of malicious software that collects information from a computing system without his/her consent. It can capture keystrokes, screenshots, internet usage habit & other personal information. The data is then delivered to online attackers who sell it to others or use it themselves for marketing or identify theft. How do we get spyware:- The main culprits in spyware transmission are:- Unprotected web browsing – Many advertising companies send tracking files, called â€Å"cookies,† along with their banner, ads or provide â€Å"special offers† that, when clicked, install extra software without our consent. Peer-to-peer applications – Kazza Lite is a notorious carrier of spyware installation packages. Many MP3 sharing sites also cause spyware problems. Opportunistic â€Å"freeware† or â€Å"shareware† programs – Weatherbug is one such program which collects more information than it is authorized. Web browsers using cookies – Any web browser can permit spyware to be installed on clicking the page that installs it. Some legitimate commercial software – Windows Media Player and America Online are considered sources of spyware. Each installation of Windows Media Player includes a uniquely identifying number that is provided to Microsoft, and America Online installs additional software packages that report data usage to advertising companies. How Spyware operates: When keywords of interest like names of banks, online payment systems etc are observed, the spyware starts its data collection process. The most common area of interest for spyware is the data sent using HTTPS i. e. HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure. This HTTPS is mainly used for very sensitive data and uses Secure Socket Layers(SSL) & Transport Layer Security(TLS). Encryption using these SSL & TLS makes it difficult to intercept data during transmission but when spyware is running on the end user’s computer, it is collected before encryption. Man-In-Middle Attack Man in Middle Attack or Bucket Brigade Attack can be active as well as passiveform of eavesdropping. It is a type of attack in which the cyber criminal funnels communication between two users and none of the user is aware that the communication is being illegally monitored. The man in middle employ spyware that when loaded on the consumer’s computer redirects the web browser to the fake site. Countermeasures: Users/Organizations can formulate their anti-malware strategy depending upon the type and complexity of Malware attacks that they are exposed to, and the level of risk associated with such attacks. Different organizations use different tools and approaches to counter malware attacks. These tools and approaches are often based on their functionality, suitability and a cost. The two basic approaches are: Reactive Approach Proactive Approach Reactive Approach- It is an incident response process. In this method, once a problem is encountered, the investigation of the problem, analysis and findings remedy, and documenting the resolutions for future is done and that too mostly in same order. The existing anti malware tools available, identify the malware by scanning the computer executable files & check if any know malware have sneaked into the system. This is done by detecting programs that are making changes to the operating system registry. Here, there are only three alternatives for dealing with malware:- Running Malware removable tool to detect and repair malware. If, anti-malware tool fails, Malware can be removed manually by the administrator or formatting the system. Use anti-Malware tool to prevent them from entering the system. Proactive approach- In this approach, the Malware can be deleted even before they get executed. It can be done in following ways:- Apply latest firmware to hardware systems and routers as recommended by vendors. Apply latest security patches to server applications and other applications. Ensure recent anti virus software is running. Maintain a database that keeps track of what patches have been applied. Enable firewalls. Enforce strong password policies. Use Least-privileged user account(LUA). This will do less damage as compared to high privileged processes. Anti-Malware techniques: When a worm or virus starts spreading into the computer networks, one must be able to react quickly to minimize the outbreak and damage it can cause. Traditionally, organizations use firewalls and antivirus scanning tools in order to prevent Malware from entering the system. These tools are used as a protective wall between a node and its network and the internet. The main motive is to prevent malicious code from entering into the system. However, these firewalls & antivirus scanning tools and traffic monitors are not free from technical vulnerabilities, that can still be exploited by new generation Malware. Advanced Anti-Malware techniques: Integrating filters ‘with signatures’ – Having layers of application filter on the network, will increase the efficiency of the security tools. Advanced antivirus tools, firewalls, web and email filters can be clubbed together, with latest updates/patches to prevent Malware from entering the system. This approach reduces the probability of Malware intrusion to minimum possible. Though not zero. For example, Malware that attacks the web-browser normally bypasses the firewalls, but gets identified and deleted by web filters. Similarly, a new Malware whose signature is not there in any of the filters can still sneak into the network unnoticed. ‘Multi-Layered Defense’ without signatures- It is very much similar to the ‘Integrating Filters’ approach but the only differentiating factor is that they can detect any malware even without their definition or signatures. In the integrating filters with signature technique there is a vulnerability i. e. these are amenable to attacks by unidentified or reported Malware. To overcome that vulnerability ‘Malware without signature’ approach must be adopted. It includes following technologies.

Accounting Theories

Accounting Theories It is possible to use the stakeholders theory in analyzing the case study ‘Westpac chief admits banks failed in the bush’ by Sid Harris (Deegan 2009, p.326). According to the stakeholder’s theory, the issue of ethics and morality are important in making sure that the managerial decisions of the organization do not negatively affect the stakeholders. Westpac Bank’s decision to close some of its branches in rural areas is both unethical and illegitimate in nature.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Accounting Theories specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the illegitimacy of the decision is only emerges when analyzing the case on the perspectives of the community’s. It is clear that the bank presence in the rural areas makes the community a pertinent beneficiary. In addition, the case gives an insight into the interests of other major stakeholders in rural banking. For example, t he case refers to an intense competition between banks and government deregulations common the area. This makes the competitors and the government the major stakeholders. It also makes then gain a significant influence on the bank’s decision. Apart from the bank employees, the case also refers to other major stakeholders such as telecommunication companies. The purpose of these stakeholders was to offer technology for in-store operations. The stakeholder’s theory states that if the company does not make certain decisions, then its impact on stakeholders, the company and the community will not take place. Therefore, it was necessary to carry out a major assessment on the binding social contract and evaluation by all stakeholders (Friedman Miles 2006, p. 54). In one of the health surveys done in Canberra, the stakeholder’s theory supports critical issues affecting the society (Deegan 2009, p. 369). For example, it is evident that people rely heavily on the enviro nment, while its pollution is detrimental to both the business and human health. Another scenario where stakeholders theory applies is in the article ‘Bank to slash extra 1000 jobs’ by Nicola Webber. Webber’s article investigates and analyses how an unethical decision by Commonwealth Bank to retire its staff affects various stakeholders (Deegan 2009, p. 369). This decision is unethical, considering that the bank is still gaining high profits. The need for a social charter provides an evidence for a social contract. This acknowledges that corporations are still liable to communities. On the other hand, the case study also shows how other important stakeholders like the consumer advocates, the government and labor unions are key stakeholders in businesses. Ethical considerations are essential in determining the morality of business decisions.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15 % OFF Learn More Institutional theory is also applicable in the case study. Institutional theory asserts that certain trends and cultures may have an impact on the institutional or corporate policies, but only if they are relevant to the prevailing environmental conditions or regulations (Tool 2000, p 222). This compliance to the prevailing conditions makes organizations thrive. For example, competition and government deregulation has made the bank pull out of business in rural areas. Businesses normally do this. A social contract is another form of institutionalism. A social contract is important in ensuring that an organization develops good relations with the community. This form of institutionalism is also evident in the case study ‘Bank to slash extra 1000 jobs’ by Nicola Webber. In understanding accounting theories, the theory of legitimacy is another important concept. Legitimacy theory depicts that certain obligations bind corporations to ensure the communities in which they operate benefit from their activities (Hoque 2006, p. 169). From this perspective, a social contract becomes legitimate and an important consideration before starting any business within any given social-setup. In case of the Westpac Bank, the bank already lacked legitimacy because its existence did not benefit the community. It was necessary to challenge the existence of the bank in the rural areas because it was already in a social contract with the local community. The same problem occurs in the case of Commonwealth Bank that failed to protect its staff’s jobs. The management of the Commonwealth Bank lacks to understand the impact of the loss of 1000 jobs. The bank is supposed to consider the implication the decision will have on the community. Most of those who lost their jobs are vulnerable to antisocial behavior such as crime and drug abuse. The way in which corporations take responsibility in ensuring their operations should not affect the environment. This is an important way of evaluating the legitimacy of corporations. For example, ensuring that the corporation’s affluent and waste do not pollute the environment is critical. Otherwise, by not protecting and preserving the environment, a corporation is liable to penalties by relevant authorities. In each case discussed above, there are theories that best define the scenarios. For example, both the stakeholder’s theory and the legitimacy theory best analyze the Westpac’s Bank case. On the other hand, legitimacy theory highly focuses on the environmental impact of some organizational decisions.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Accounting Theories specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, it is good in analyzing the health survey study in Canberra. Finally, the three accounting theories (institutional, legitimacy and stakeholders’ theory) best analyze the Commonwealth Bank case. The fact that the case has an impact on stakeholders, business culture and the environment provides a justification for the analysis. References Deegan, C, 2009, Financial accounting theory, McGraw-Hill, Sydney. Friedman, A Miles, S 2006, Stakeholders: Theory and practice: theory and practice, Oxford University Press, New York. Hoque, Z, 2006, Methodological issues in accounting research: Theories, methods and issues, Sprimus Press Ltd, New York. Tool, M, 2000, Value theory and economics progress: The institutional economics of J. Fagg Foster, Springer, New York.

Poems on Poetry Essays

Poems on Poetry Essays Poems on Poetry Essay Poems on Poetry Essay Essay Topic: The Poems Of Billy Collins In the poems How to Eat a Poem’ by Eve Merriam and Introduction to Poetry’ by Billy Collins, important ideas are presented about how poetry should be experienced and enjoyed. The poets used the techniques extended metaphor, repetition, metaphors and personification to show me how these ideas is important. In How to Eat a Poem’ by Eve Merriam, the author describes how poetry is to be experienced. Poetry doesn’t need any manners and has no rules. Don’t be polite / Bite in. is an example of just jumping in to poetry because it’s got no manners and it’s for everyone. It is ready and ripe now, whenever you are. Shows us that poetry is for everyone. Poetry never goes away because it always written on paper. It’s not hard you don’t have to be clever to enjoy poetry because it’s always there to be read. Poetry is to be experienced and enjoyed by anyone. In the poem How to Eat a Poem’, the techniques of Extended metaphor and repetition are used to show me the important idea. Extended metaphor us used in the lines Pick it up with your fingers and lick the juice that. / May rush down your chin. / It is ready and ripe now, whenever you are. To compare juicy fruit to poetry. Through doing this, the poet helps me understand that poetry is about experiencing poetry, and not holding back but in fact diving in. It also helps me understand that you can be messy and enjoy your poem. Repetition is used in the lines or stem / or rind / or pit / or seed or skin. To compare poetry to the inside of a fruit. Doing this has helped me understand that poems aren’t hard, that they are fun and don’t have the bad bit of a fruit. That it’s really tasty and anyone can do it. These two techniques help compare juicy fruit to poems.In the poem Introduction to Poetry’ the poet shows me the important idea that poetry is about having fun. Poems are made to have fun for everybody not just cleverest people. It’s for people who like having fun. I want them to waterski / across the surface of a poem / waiving at the authors name on the shore. The author is also trying to tell you to not over analyze things. In the poem it states that all we want to do is torture it and get a confession out of it. Poems are to be about having fun, not trying to find every possible meaning and to just skim across getting the ideas that the poet wants us too.Poems are about having fun and not over analyzing them. In the poem Introduction to Poetry’, the techniques metaphor and personification are used to show me the important idea. Metaphor is used in the lines I want them to waterski / across the surface of a poem / waving at the authors name on the surface. Which compares waterskiing and having fun to a poem that is fun and relaxing. This helps me understand that poetry is fun and relaxing just like waterskiing. When you imagine yourself waterskiing you imagine a sunny day, speeding along bouncing up and down on waves while waving to your friends on the shore in the sand.Poems are the same you can enjoy yourself through rhyming or using alliteration. All the techniques that make a poem fun and enjoyable to write and read. Personification is used in the lines But all they want to do / is tie the poem to a chair with a rope / and torture a confession out of it to compare tying up a person to a chair and trying to get a confession out of it. Over analyzing a poem and taking meanings that aren’t meant to be instead of taking the idea that the poet tries to convey. Doing this the poet helps me understand that poetry is to be about the images or the meanings that the poet is telling you.That poetry doesn’t need to be tied to a chair and tortured, so it gives a confession that it doesn’t have to be an expert that needs to analyze it, anyone can do it. Poetry is intended to be enjoyed, anyone can do it, it doesn’t need to be over analyzed. Both of these poems have helped me understand more about poetry and what it’s about. That poetry is about having fun and to be experienced by everyone. Anyone and everyone can enjoy poems, they don’t have to be the cleverest or the smartest to understand poetry. I think these two poems represent what poems are about.

Book Launch How to Launch a Book for More Sales [Printable Checklist]

Book Launch How to Launch a Book for More Sales [Printable Checklist] Book Launch: How to Launch a Book for More Sales [Printable Checklist] â€Å"Build it and they will come† is advice that rarely works when trying to sell books.Amazon is full of self-published books that have barely made any sales, leaving many writers dejected.If you want your books to succeed, to get into the hands of your readers, to potentially achieve bestseller status†¦. you need a book launch plan.After all, you’ve already spent months (or even years) crafting your manuscript. You’ve also spent a small fortune on a book cover, hiring an editor, proofreading, formatting, and other related expenses.The last thing you need after all you’ve invested is for your book to fail, to make exactly zero sales.(Okay you might make a few, to friends and family. But that’s not why you wrote your book, right?)If you have a book, or are looking to write a book, and are already thinking about promotion, then this is for you. Contrary to what you might expect, launching a book isn’t hard, and it doesn’t need to break the bank (although you do need to invest some money).NOTE: We cover everything in this blog post and much more about the writing, marketing, and publishing process in our VIP Self-Publishing Program. Learn more about it hereBy focusing on the minimal book launch strategy I’ll outline here, you’ll avoid being overwhelmed and launch your book on Amazon like a pro.Well guide you through how to:Price your book during launchBook launch checklistSet up your complete launch strategy during soft launchCollect reviews from your launch teamSet your book up with the best promo sites for both paid and freeStick to a minimalist launch planWhat to do Before a Book Launch Before you go any further, there are a few things you need to do in between finishing your manuscript and launching your book. I put together a 13-point checklist of these action items.You don’t need to carry them out with perfection since they can be tweaked later.But don’t launch your book with out doing these key tasks:Book Description - Create your book description using the Book Description Generator at Kindlepreneur.com.Keywords - Select 7 keywords for your book. I use KDP Rocket and Kindlespy. There is also Merchant Words and Google AdWords.Categories - Choose 2 main categories for your book in the KDP dashboard. Once your book is live you can email Amazon and request to have your book put into eight additional categories.Landing Page - Create a landing page for your book. This can be used to collect email addresses and give away a chapter of your book before its release (optional).Upload Manuscript - Upload your manuscript to KDP. Proofread your book using the KDP online previewer.Upload Cover - Upload your Kindle cover to KDP.Launch Price - Set your launch price at 0.99.Lead Magnet - Insert a lead magnet into your book, both at the front and back. Connect this to your email list provider such as Mailchimp or ConvertKit.Audiobook (Optional) - Get your audiob ook created. Plan to release your book through Audible or ACX.Paperback - Get your paperback version created. You can set up your paperback at CreateSpace. Optional: Your paperback can be launched after the Kindle release.Emails - Pre-write emails that you’ll send to your launch team.Goodreads - Goodreads account created and author profile setup. Your book will end up there either way, so it’s worth setting up an account to associate the book with.Launch Plan Model - Map out the specific action steps you are taking for each day of your launch. I have provided a model for this further down the post.Download Your book Launch Checklist Your free pre-launch checklist for landing yourself a Bestseller banner! Just like there are a variety of business models to choose from when planning your venture, there are a variety of book launch strategies to choose from.For example, you could follow Steve Scott’s 5-Day Launch Plan That Works which he used to effectively lau nch the bestselling book 10-Minute Digital Declutter that he co-authored with Barrie Davenport. Or you could emulate Nick Loper, of Side Hustle Nation fame, and his successful launch strategy which sold 2600+ copies of his book Buy Buttons. There’s even the detailed launch plan of Rob Cubbon, the author of The New Freedom.These are all plans that work because of one thing: They are strategic in their planning and strategic in their execution.However, while there seems to be a lot of steps, an effective book launch plan isn’t complicated. Your launch plan will depend largely on:Your objectives and purpose.Your platform. The bigger your platform and access to influencers, the bigger (and more diverse) your launch.In the strategy I’ll show you, I keep things simple. It’s a 12-day launch, including a 3-day free promo through Amazon.If you’ve ticked everything on that checklist, then it’s time to hit publish on your book and to start your launch strategy.But, before we dive into that, there are a few things you need to know about Amazon’s algorithm as it informs your book launch strategy.The Amazon Algorithm: A Few Basics for Your Book LaunchAmazon uses an algorithm to measure and track book sales, and everything else on their platform. It’s worth remembering that Amazon wants you to succeed: if you make money, Amazon makes money.Knowing a few basics of it can help you to have a greater launch and to sustain the life of your book for months (and years) after the launch buzz wears off.Here’s how it works in a nutshell: Your book starts ranking as soon as someone buys a copy. Every purchase of your book pushes the ranking up the ladder. As a book moves up, it jumps ahead of the other books in your selected category. The rankings are based on recent sales and Amazon favors a book that is getting consistent, ongoing sales.A book that runs a promo and gets 200 sales in one day, but then nothing else for the week, will not perform as well as a book that gets the same number of downloads over the course of a ten-day period.Slow, steady traffic and a long-term plan is the way to succeed with your book.Steady, organic growth will always outperform a sudden burst of downloads.It’s worth noting also that while reviews and the price of your book do not affect your sales rank, they’re still worth having. The more quality reviews you have, the more credible your book will be to shoppers.This affects their decision-making power to buy, which translates into more downloads and an increase in sales rank. Focus on getting as many quality reviews as you can during this launch phase. Then, continue to work on getting reviews from organic traffic.With that out of the way, let’s look at two necessary steps you need to do before you promote your book.Setting Up Your Amazon BestsellerTheres a very specific formula to follow during your book launch that will have you hitting those Ama zon bestseller lists. And you definitely want to become a bestseller so you can increase your sales and maintain your position at the top.The $0.99 Launch StrategyI know what you’re thinking, â€Å"$0.99? Why would I essentially give my book away for free? I didn’t get into this business to fulfill the starving artist stereotype.†I know how you feel, but trust me, there’s a good reason for launching it at this price. You may be selling it at a super-low point now, but the rewards are coming later.Remember: think long term.It’s better to have a book that has steady sales in the long term than to just have a burst of downloads now, then zero in the future.Action Item:Go to the KDP dashboard and set your book at $0.99. With the exception of the free promo period (which we’ll get to shortly), your book will be at $0.99 for the duration of the launch.The Free Book Launch StrategyI mentioned that our strategy will have a 3-day free launch. Setting this up is easy. If you plan to run a free promo for your book, you can set this up as soon as your book is live on Amazon. To run a free promotion, your book has to be enrolled in the KDP Select program for 90 days.A book that is listed for free will be ranked in the free store and books set at a price are ranked in the paid store.If you don’t have a following (email list) or you are just getting started, I suggest you do the free promo. The free promo gets your book into more hands (that will hopefully read it) and increases its visibility across more platforms.Action Item: Go to the KDP dashboard, and under â€Å"Kindle eBook Actions,† enroll into the KDP Select program. While enrolled in the KDP select program your book has to be exclusive to the Kindle Store.Action Item:Go to the KDP dashboard and set your book at $0.99. With the exception of the free promo period (which we’ll get to shortly), your book will be at $0.99 for the duration of the launch.Book Promotion Sites: Free and PaidWhen launching your book, especially during your free promo, you want to put it into the hands of as many readers as possible. Amazon ranks your book in the free store based on how many downloads it gets.The higher you rank, the more downloads you’ll get from Amazon browsers. Which means to maximize your launch, you need an initial surge of readers that don’t come from Amazon.This is where book promotion sites come in. You can use them for both your paid and free launch. In the launch scenario later on in the post, I’ll show you how to batch these sites together to give your book the boost it needs.An aside if you have a healthy email list: you won’t need to rely on these sites as much. This is especially beneficial for authors who are just starting out and don’t yet have a strong platform.Keep in mind that results vary for each site and your performance will largely depend on your book’s quality.You still need the essentials: a great book cover design, a compelling book description, and an eye-catching book title.Below is a list of my favorites that I have personally used, in combination with an email list to launch multiple bestsellers. You can also check out Dave Chesson’s blog on this as he covers the best sites to use for both free and paid.The price for each promo site varies depending on the niche and category.The Best Book Launch Promotion SitesBuckbooks. If you can get onto any of these promo sites, Buckbooks is the one you want to try to get into. You need 10 reviews before they’ll schedule you. Note: You can promote the 2nd book on the same day for only 25% of the price. Great deal. But you can only promote once every 6 months for each book. If you use their Archangel Ink book production services you’ll get a guaranteed placement.Robin Reads - (need 10 reviews and a 4.9 rating) Takes a couple days to get approved ($55). Great results. I usually get anywhere from 60-100 downloads with this one. https://robinreads.com/author-signup/ Note: They have a calendar that is usually booked out weeks in advance. In this case, consider using Robin Reads for future promos of existing books already launched.BookSends - $40. If you can match this up with Robin Reads or Bucks on the same day it’s a great little boost. https://booksends.com/BKnights (Fiverr) You can’t go wrong for $5. I would also take the extra gig for $5 and get in on their daily newsletter. Downloads average 12-30 depending on the book.eReader News - Great gig but hard to get approved at times. takes several days for a response. Various prices. https://ereadernewstoday.com/Booksbutterfly. You are basically paying for downloads, one of the few (if only) sites that do that. They have various packages for everything. I recommend the Silver Eagle ($90) that gets you 50+ downloads + KU borrows. (https://www.booksbutterfly.com/bookpromo†¦/paidbookpromotion/)The Fussy Librarian (https://www.thefussylibrarian.com/). Great promo but very hard to book in advance. They are usually booked out 2-3 weeks ahead. Need 10 reviews to get accepted. Various price ranges. Strong results.Bargain Booksy. I love this one, no reviews needed and you can sign up right away and get approved. $25 for nonfiction. Lots of categories and good results. https://www.bargainbooksy.com/sell-more-books/eBooks Habit. Great little promo, I recommend the guaranteed placement for $10. https://ebookshabit.com/for-authors/Awesome Gang. This one is great for the price, $10. They have a free option but go with the paid. https://awesomegang.com/submit-your-book/Many Books. Great little gig, average returns, $29. You can also sign up to become a featured author. https://manybooks.net/promoteDigital Book Today ($40). Good gig, average returns and works better with fiction than non-fiction. https://digitalbooktoday.com/eBook Stage. Another great little promo site, reasonably priced. $10. https://ebookstage.com/Book Runes (https://bookrunes.com/). Global reach with over 50k mailing list, $25. Average to very good results.BookBub. This is by far the biggest and the best promo site. Very tough to get accepted and it is expensive, but worth every dime. At the very least you should set up an Author profile on BookBub and start to get people to follow you. They have a great blog too that gives powerful tips on how to get a BookBub feature. https://insights.bookbub.comEmail your list (if you have one). if you don’t, BUILD one. This is by far better than all of the promo sites combined. If you don’t have a list yet, start building one with Mailchimp, Mailerlite or Convertkit.The Book Launch Sequence and Set-UpTo keep things simple, I’m giving you an example of a book launch that covers 12 days. This is similar to the launch that I did for my book Relaunch Your Life, except that I didn’t run a free promo. However, for this post, I will look at ho w to include a free promo as well.Your launch will look and perform differently than this, but you can use this as a model and tweak as required. This launch assumes you are launching your book at $0.99 with a free promo set up through KDP for 2-3 days.What is the difference between a soft launch and the actual launch?I use the term soft launch below, which is different from your actual book launch. Your soft launch begins from the moment you hit publish.As Amazon takes about 24 hours to set up your book, I recommend hitting the publish button at least 24 hours before you begin your actual launch. For example, if your launch plan beings on a Sunday, then publish your book on a Saturday.The 12-Day Book Launch ModelReady for your book launch? In this book launch model we use 3 days for our soft launch window, and then begin the actual launch on day 4.Day 1: First Day of Soft Book LaunchThe first day of your soft launch is critical. This is the day when you are going to set up your boo k to successfully launch over the next 11 days. The price point is set at $0.99.Here is a brief checklist of what to do on day 1 of the soft launch:Create your Amazon Author Page. Set up your bio and upload an author pic.Claim your book by hitting the ‘add more books’ tab. This will appear on your author page within 24 hours.Email your launch team. Let them know the book is ready for verified reviews.Email Amazon customer support. Request that your book is placed in additional categories.Set up a few promo sites for days 2 or 3 while your book is at 0.99. This starts to build momentum. Recommended Awesome Gang, Bknights, and Booksbutterfly.As soon as you have ten reviews, set up the rest of your promo sites for the week. Not all of these promo sites require a set number of reviews. Check the list for links to the sites and submission requirements.Set up your Free promo in the KDP dashboard. Your free promo will be 2-3 days. This will start on day 4 (or however long you decide to run your soft launch). If you do a 5-day soft launch your free promo will start on day 6. Set up several paid promo sites to advertise your book for free. Although your book is free, the promos will cost you.For your free promo on days 4-5 contact:James H Mayfield (Note: his calendar is very busy. You might not get on for the days you want with short notice. Consider using your remaining free days at a later date and arrange to have James promo your book.)Bknights (free promo)Awesome GangFreebooksyBooksbutterflyIf you combine these promo sites with the organic traffic you’ll get from Amazon, you should do very well for free downloads.Day 2-3: Soft Book Launch (Optional: You can extend this up to 5 days)Social media burst to your FB page, mastermind groups, and other sources to spread the word. Dont forget about other social platforms with large reader audiences like Twitter and Tumblr.Day 4-6: FREE PromoThe promotional sites you got in touch with on day 1 will be ad vertising your book. Send an email to your team to notify them that your book is now free. Promote to social media!Day 7-10: Paid Promo SitesRun paid promo sites recommended from the list above. You can cluster these a day apart or combine 2-3 promos a day.Day 11-12: Winding Down the Book LaunchIf you followed the plan you should have had a considerable number of downloads for both your free promo and your $0.99 promo. Remember that your numbers will vary depending on your platform, book quality, niche, and sometimes, luck.Email your list and remind them the book will be 0.99 for only one more day. Contact your launch team and thank them for reviews and their support.This is the last call for reviews and downloads.Day 13: Increase the Price to $2.99Leave it there for one week and raise it to $3.99. You can test the pricing by going up to $4.99 and watching what happens. Monitor the sales and adjust accordingly.I usually spend around $300-$400 per launch minimum on promo sites but ho w much you spend is up to you. Stagger them out over the course of 10-12 days.Beyond the Book LaunchOne of the biggest challenges authors have is where to go after the initial book launch is over.How do you promote, market, and keep bringing in traffic so that your book doesn’t drop off into oblivion? Here are two things you can focus on:#1 Write another bookMultiple books create momentum. Look at the army of fans that Game of Thrones had before the TV Show launched. How did George R.R Martin build that? By setting up and writing the books as a series.Do you have a series of books you could write?A series is a great way to build your brand, a list, and to keep traffic growing with increased interest in your books.#2 Build your business on the back endCreate a business around your book with coaching, a course, or an automated email course that gets readers engaged after they are finished your book.They want to know more about you and so, if you have a business set up to kick in for subscribers, this is the start of what could be a great author business.Launching a book is a combination of strategy, imagination, and hard work. If you have a great book to promote and a team of people (a small team will do) backing you up, you can have a great launch that gets your book into the hands of your market.With every book launch, there is more to learn. If you keep launching, you’ll get better. And as you get better, you’ll get more fans.Eventually, you can turn your launch into a massive movement with thousands of fans standing behind you pushing your book towards New York Times Bestseller status or get featured in The Wall Street Journal.Imagine that.Whatto do Next!Its not enough to just read about launching your book.Learning from the best and then takingaction is where real success is made.#1 Learn more!The learning never stops not when it comes to this ever-changing (yet growing) field of self-publishing. And in order to stay ahead of the cu rve, you have to continue to invest in your knowledge.

Media and Communication Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Media and Communication Theories - Essay Example Development of the internet and personal computing during the 70s, invention of Hyper Text Transport Protocol (HTTP) during the late 80s further stimulated a trend towards new media (Friedman 2006). Widespread usage of the internet in the early 90s, and a wide range of other related technological breakthroughs led to the creation of new media (Friedman 2006). New Media offered features that were practically unimaginable and unheard of just a decade ago (Friedman 2006). The hallmark of new media is that it has the potential and the capacity to bridge the seemingly incompatible features of the earlier communications media. Many experts tend to convey that new media is inherently democratic in all its aspects, be it consumption or production. It has enabled the masses and the consumers to actively engage with media and has armed them with the power to alter and shape media. There is no denying the fact that new media has certain inbuilt traits and abilities, which make it inherently mor e open, free and accessible. Yet, to claim that new media is fool proof democratic and immune to manipulation and distortion would be asking for too much. New media, like the previous media is sensitive and vulnerable to ideas and ideologies, and autocracy and totalitarianism are as rampant and existent ideas in the 21st century as democracy and liberty. 2.0 Democracy in the Age of New MediaNew media became realistically became universally accessible, courtesy the spread of the internet aided communication in the 90s. Considering this, the expert and the popular opinion stood to be unanimous in the sense that it expected new media to usher in an era of affordable production and distribution of information (Turkle 1995). Thereby new media tends to be essentially egalitarian and democratic in its scope (Turkle 1995). During the early stages of new media, a majority of the people were of the view that new media will demolish the monopoly of the established media houses and the restraining designs of the autocratic rgimes (Longford & Patten 2007). This will enable the people and the civil society groups to act and operate as independent broadcasters and publishers. Everybody expected that new media would usher in an era of interactive and democratic mass communication. New media will enable the masses to