National Association For The Advancement Of Colored...

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Born from the Niagara Movement, led by William E. B. DuBois, the NAACP has had a volatile birth and a lively history (Beifuss 17:E4). The impetus for the creation of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People came in the summer of 1908. Severe race riots in Springfield, Illinois, prompted William English Walling to write articles questioning the treatment of the Negro. Reading the articles, Mary White Ovington and Dr. Henry Moskowitz were compelled to meet with Walling. Consequently, the three along with a group of black and white citizens had considered the present state of the Negro, disfranchised in the South and taxed while†¦show more content†¦The early success was due in large part to the interracial membership (Franklin 91). A large part of the membership consisted of white socialist and liberals (Franklin). For some time the NAACP was white- led. In time the Association became black dominated; Specifically, under the guida nce of James Weldon Johnson. During the rule of Johnson, the NAACP began to form its reputation for using litigation. Although many of the NAACPs landmark cases did not occur until the 1950s and 1960s, the foundation was laid in the 1920s and 1930s. In short the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People transformed from a white dominated, infantile organization too the first black led organization, which influenced Congressional legislation under Hardings administration. During the next twenty years, the NAACP would be embattled in court cases which changed the face of America. One of the landmark cases that occurred, Brown v. Board was argued by lead attorney Thurgood Marshall (Lang F12). Another case which created opportunities for blacks, was Open Housing Act of 1968. Under this law it became illegal to refuse to sell property solely based on race. Since that time in which the blacks truly gained their civil rights, the NAACP tried to register 3 million voters throughout the South (Jenkins). Indeed the most productive period of National Association for the AdvancementShow MoreRelatedThe National Association for the Advancement of Colored People670 Words   |  3 PagesWhen History Changed The NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) was founded in the year of 1909 in New York City. This association is considered the nation’s biggest and oldest civil rights organizations. It was formed in response to the continuing terrible practice of lynching during that period. Lynching was being practiced during this time and affected many people just because of their skin color. The NAACP was made by white and black citizens â€Å"[fought] for socialRead MoreThe National Association of the Advancement of Colored People1450 Words   |  6 PagesThe National Association of the Advancement of Colored People Almost 500,000 Americans of all races are members of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), the largest civil rights organization in the world and probably the largest secular citizens action agency in the nation. Founded in 1909, the NAACP is the oldest civil rights organization as well as the most powerful and the most respected today. The NAACP is the national spokesperson for blackRead MoreNational Association For The Advancement Of Colored People1233 Words   |  5 Pagesforced them to live these lives of hell. It wasn’t until the development of the NAACP came around, that they began to see equal treatment. The NAACP is an organization created and developed for the advancement of African Americans. NAACP is an acronym for National Association for the advancement of Colored People. The NAACP website discusses the development and purpose of the NAACP. The NAACP was founded by a group of African Americans who were fed up with the injustic es towards blacks. It was foundedRead MoreThe National Association For The Advancement Of Colored People1627 Words   |  7 PagesThe National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) states its mission as: â€Å"The NAACP insures the political, educational, social and economic equality of minority groups and citizens; achieves equality of rights and eliminates race prejudice among the citizens of the United States; removes all barriers of racial discrimination through the democratic processes; seeks to enact and enforce federal, state, and local laws securing civil rights; informs the public of the adverse effectsRead MoreThe National Association For The Advancement Of Colored People1425 Words   |  6 PagesI will be observing a Hofstra University organization, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). The intent of the NAACP Chapter at Hofstra University is to educate, uplift, and unify the students of Hofstra University and the s urrounding community. They discuss issues surrounding the black community and bring about different ways to help alleviate the pressures the black community faces. A main issue facing the black community throughout the United States is policeRead MoreNational Association For The Advancement Of Colored People1177 Words   |  5 PagesThis semester, I decided to go to a National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. known as the NAACP, meeting to attend their monthly leadership meeting. The meeting was held on March 17, 2016, and there were about 6 people in existence from the Golden Triangle area. All of the people in attendance are a part of the local chapter of the NAACP. The meeting was ran by the secretary and treasurer of the local chapter. Before the meeting started, the group all bowed their heads in prayerRead MoreThe National Association For The Advancement Of Colored People Essay1153 Words   |  5 PagesThe National Association for the Advancement of Colored People was founded in 1909. Their mission was â€Å"to ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights of all persons and to eliminate racial hatred and racial discrimination†. During this time, African-Americans were denied several basic constitutional rights. Throughout the Civil Right Movement, as black people began to gain rights, the NAACP began to fall into oblivion. For several years there after, very little newsRead MoreNational Association For The Advancement Of Colored People1042 Words   |  5 PagesNational Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) The mission of the NAACP is to protect and provide the political, educational, social, and economic equality rights of minority groups and citizens; attain equal opportunity of rights and excludes race discrimination between the citizens of the United States. The objectives of this mission are to inform the public of the adverse effects of racial discrimination and to seek its elimination, to seek enactment and enforcement of federalRead MoreThe Achievement Of The National Association For The Advancement Of Colored People Essay1312 Words   |  6 Pagesthen drawn into a larger field of responsibility. She was one of the first members of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). She was appointed to Chicago’s Board of Education, and in 1909 she became the first woman president of the National Conference of Charities and Corrections. â€Å"In 1911, she was elected vice president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association.† Years later, in 1915, she accepted the chairmanship of the Women’s Peace Party. AddamsRead MoreAfrican Americans : National Association For The Advancement Of Colored People1883 Words   |  8 PagesDuring the 1900s African Americans fought for freedom and racial uplift. Today African Americans can be seen fighting for equality and justice. African Americans actions were demonstrated through the Niagara Movement, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People also known as the NAACP, the Harlem Renaissance, and the civil rights movement. Each of the movements listed have shown the different struggles Blacks went through for what they believe in. The Niagara Movement was an important

Slavery The African American Slavery - 2189 Words

Amira Farid December 2, 2014 APUSH - Steiker Period 6 Slavery 1775 - 1830 â€Å"Those who will not reason, are bigots, those who cannot, are fools, and those who dare not, are slaves, † said George Gordon Byron. Though slavery has never had a universal definition, one might describe it as the dependent labour by one person performed to another who is not of his or her family. It was thought to have come about after a dramatic labour shortage in particular areas or countries. In America, slavery has always been a highly debated topic throughout the years. Often, people associate slavery with words such as â€Å"brutal, cruel, inhumane, and horrible†. Slaves were forced to forget about freedom and about the liberties of life that Americans now take for granted. During the years 1775 to 1830, African American slavery saw simultaneously the freedom of many colored men and the enlargement of the institution of slavery. The free and enslaved African Americans had different methods in approaching the challenges in front of them. The demand for a lab or force in the production of cotton encouraged the expansion of slavery; however, due to increasing national identity, the republican value of equality and freedom denounced the systems of slavery, allowing for a more widespread bondage; the free slaves in the North focused on tangible reasons for freedom, while the enslaved African Americans in the South focused gaining freedom through practical means. The ending of theShow MoreRelatedThe Slavery Of African Americans942 Words   |  4 Pagespeople I met asked me that we Africans sold other Africans into slavery and why? I will tell them well I was not born when it happened, I only learn about slavery in school not even my parents told me so I cannot provide you with genuine reason behind slavery but I do understand this that it may have some economic benefits attached to it and that is a fact, the world back then was like survival of the fittest, slavery was rampant all over the world and not only black Africans were enslaved, ma ny ethnicitiesRead MoreThe Slavery Of African Americans1208 Words   |  5 PagesBack when there was Slavery it was unfair to some people, at least to the African Americans. By unfair I mean the whites, like most of us would torture the Africans. Some of the things the owners did was made the slaves work in fields without pay and they had no control over their own self, their owner did. But, if they were not doing, that the owners would do something bad like whip them with a whip with metal on the end. Also, it even was effected in sports because back then it was just whitesRead MoreThe Slavery Of African Americans1207 Words   |  5 Pagestime where slavery was legal in America was a dark time that all wish was expunged from the nation’s history. Ever since the end of WWII came around and Japanese and victims of the Holocaust started to receive reparations for the ordeals then endeavored. This launched a proposal that the descendants of the enslaved people in the United States would be given some type of compensation. The form of compensation varies from individual monetary payments to land-based payment. Although the American enslavementRead MoreThe Slavery Of African Americans975 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the early developments of America, multiple states instituted the practice of owning African-Americans and using them as slaves. Surprisingly, this form of slavery was not only present in the Southern states, but also in the Northern too. Plantation owners from all over found their use in owning slaves, and were even shown taking advantage of the practice. By having ownership of slaves, it often contributed in farming production on plantations and also became useful when it came to votingRead MoreThe Slavery Of African Americans2011 Words   |  9 Pagespeople to turn to another source which could supply them with slaves. In result, African American slaves were brought to the U.S to facilitate life and work together with the European workforce. These African Americans came from a multitude of places including Africa and the Caribbean. From this day forth the lives of all African Americans changed, having an everlasting effect on their lives. After this, African Americans were viewed as slaves and it was the norm back then, which was a harsh, cruelRead MoreSlavery And The African Americans1071 Words   |  5 Pagesdiscussing slavery with other individuals. Throughout the years I have been a victim of my own ignorance for believing that Slave ry undoubtedly ended in 1865. I can honestly admit that I was wrong. After having watched the documentary â€Å"Slavery by Another Name† I gained new insight into the history of slavery and the struggles that African Americans suffered during that time. I learned that slavery did not end after the 13th Amendment was passed. After the Amendment was passed African Americans were victimsRead MoreThe Slavery Of African Americans1695 Words   |  7 Pagesthe enslavement of African Americans, to the mistreatment of Native Americans on the Trail of Tears, and the subtle and sometimes overt discrimination oppressing American women today, there has been a long and continuing history of discrimination and unfair action against our fellow citizens. It would be deceitful for us to think that our nation has lived up to the ideals of the words â€Å"all men are created equal† since the day the Constitution was written by the Founders. Slavery comes in many formsRead MoreThe Slavery Of African Americans2857 Words   |  12 Pages A black African-American that was one of the many few who was born free in Wilmington, North Carolina went by the name of David Walker. Walker’s father whom died before his birth was a slave but his mother was a free woman. In the state’s laws Walker inherited his mother’s liberated status although, being free did not keep him from witnessing slavery. Walker traveled throughout his time in his younger days in the South, noticing the injustices of the slave system that the whites had going on. EvenRead MoreThe Slavery Of African Americans1844 Words   |  8 PagesMost African Americans were forcibly migrated from their countries to the United States to be used for the labor in fields and even do home chores for their owners. Many African American men, women and even children were either stolen from their families or sold by their own people to traders who would bring them back to the United States and sold them to white plantation owners. An African American who was bought by white owner was called a slave. The word slaves means â€Å"a person who is a legal propertyRead MoreThe Slavery Of African Americans860 Words   |  4 Pagesand the neighborhoods are infested with drugs and weaponry; then you’re at war. African people have been at war with society, and in spite of the fact that their weapons has slightly been adjusted over the years, it still remains the same endless war we’ve been facing since the settling of African people in the Americas. African people could never fully integrate with the shared heritage and experience within the African identity. Wars have been going on for times on end, from Emmitt Till to the Rosewood

Australian Immigration Law Immigration Law

Question: Describe about the Australian Immigration Law for Immigration Law. Answer: Introduction The entire assignment deals with the various aspects of the Australian Immigration Law. A UK citizen, namely Jack Harkness holds a subclass 457. He also is an employee of a reputed Australian company Torchwood Ltd. jack is in a relationship with Gwen who also holds a subclass visa as a secondary applicant. Both of the visas have their expiry date on June, 30, 2018. Both of them entered in Australian on September, 2014. After that, they have given birth to a child on May, 2016. The Australian investigation agency started working on the background of Jack and found that he had skipped some information regarding his date of birth and also hides some convictions activities that he had done in the UK. The Notice of Intention to Consider Cancellation (NOICC) was sent to him. However, they do not receive any satisfactory response from him. Therefore the authority decides to cancel both Jack and Gwens visa under s.140(1) on the very same date. This study is going to reveal that whether the c ancellation of the visas is viable according to the Law or not. 1.b Is this policy valid? If Jacks application is refused solely on the basis of applying this policy, what prospects does he have for review? The cancellation procedure of the visas is discussed through the Migration Act 1958. It differs according how the power of cancellation is settled. The major provision of the subdivision C of Part 2 Division 3 of the Act is s 109. This provides the cancellation of a visa if any of the issues of rejection in ss 101 to ss 105 are made[1]. Therefore, it can be said that, ss 101-105 of the Migration Act 1958 applied to the provision of providing wrong information to a particular department regarding a visa application, a passenger card along with any irrelevant document. A person who is not a resident of Australia is also need to produce the changes of circumstances along with the previously produced information which is not proper. Failure to meet with these components permits the ministry to issue a Notice of Intention to Consider Cancellation (NOICC) towards the visa holder[2]. Then the visa holder may argue that the visa should not be cancelled in the ground of any event. Therefore t he NOICC should have be very specific while refusing any kind of claim. A major component have found by the Authority which sets some limits to the cancellation procedure of a visa. It is not sufficient to claim that the person who holds the visa has breached a particular section of the proposed Act without providing the actual reasons and situations that can enhance the possibility of breaching a particular section. Then its upto the Minister whether to cancel the particular visa under the subdivision s 109[3]. The section 109 is very much unique among the cancellation power regarding there are the legislative criterias which the Minister should have to consider before cancelling a visa of a person under that particular section. The Regulation 2.41 provides a list of a huge number of components that the Minister should have to take into consideration. Among these, some of the important factors are the characteristics of the proper information or authentic document along with the situation in which the refusal occurred and the history of immigration; and the general characteristics of the visa holder. Therefore, it is important for the Minister before making a cancellation decision, all the factors needs to take into consideration. Therefore, it can be said that the policy is valid at the same time and non valid. Jack produced inappropriate document regarding his date of birth and he also hides his criminal activities that he had done in the UK and other countries in Europe. Therefore, the A uthority served a NOICC under the s.109 of the Act and they have received a less satisfactory response from Jack. Therefore, they have decided to cancel his visa on June 1, 2016. This is partially valid because, the concerned person had submitted bogus documentation to the higher authority and started to reside in Australia with illegal authorization. Therefore, the Australian Authority can cancel his visa before the due date. On the other hand, they are partially wrong also. At the early stage the authority permits Jack and his partners visa upto 2018. However, they are cancelling their visa before the speculated time period. The authority has to consider their background and then decide whether to cancel the visa or not. The concerned person had received the response from Jack and the person should be very careful while studying the response. It needs to look into factors such as why Jack manipulated data regarding his date of birth and why he skipped the crimes that he had done in the UK and other adjoining countries in the Europe. There should be some issues that the authority should have to take into consideration while cancelling a visa of a person before the time period. The authority must have to know the actual facts regarding the topic that why the person had manipulated the data and whether the person had done some criminal activities or not, or the person was just forcefully dragged into that convictions activity. There is a minor chance that the person was not even indulged with the convictions and he was forcefully dragged into the matter or just trapped into the matter. The authority must provide the person a proper time period to tell about the fact that why he had manipulated the data[4]. There are many aspects that a person can change his date of birth. One of them is, that the person does not properly know his date of birth because he lost his parents at very small age. Therefore, providing the actual birth details can be difficult for that person. In this case, Jack has accepted that he had pro vided manipulated report regarding his details, however, the authority must have to provide him at least to say what the actual cause of this activity. 2.a What are the most frequently claimed justifications by governments for the outsourcing of government functions? Administrative laws are those laws, which deals with the laws of a nation like as the same way there are certain laws that depend from nation to nations and in Australia, there are certain administration laws which are divided in various categories which are as: Firstly, is the constitutional law: this law states about the laws regarding the constitution of a particular state on any matter it guides the normal citizens of a nation about a law, which is available in a nation like Australia and in other nations also. In other words, it is said in the constitutional laws in Australia, which deals with regarding the rights and freedoms of the peoples of Australia who are living in Australia and the peoples who are going to Australia for any purpose[5]. Secondly, the criminal laws of a nation, it basically states if a person had committed any sort of crime while staying in a particular nation then, that person will be punished under that law. For example in if a person had committed any sort of crime like as theft, burglary, murder or any sort of crime then that person will be punished under the Indian Pennal Code Act[6]. There are different migration laws for the different countries and this laws are being formed by the Government of that particular nation and if is found that any person have violated that law then he or she will be punished according to the laws of that nation. Similarly, there are certain laws in Australia, which were divided in various groups, which are: Legislature: this states that about the enactment of the laws and it is used for the supervision purpose. In Australia in order to become a law, it has to be passed under two houses, which are the House of Representatives and the Senate. The Executive: the executive general consists of the high ministerial control like as the Prime Minister of a particular nation. These executives created the laws and they execute the laws in the system so that it must be followed. The Government generals assistance is also required to make the law applicable and this assent is known as Royal assent and it is not applicable in Australia. The Judiciary: it consists all the courts like as the Federal Courts, Supreme Courts and many other courts. It has been found that there has been an overlap between the Judiciary and the executive so in Australia and others the judiciary is completely independent. 2.b Given the decision in S v Secretary, Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs and comments of the High Court in M68/2015 v MIBP, do you think that outsourcing of immigration detention functions has achieved any of these objectives? The outsourcing of immigration detention functions has achieved many of these objectives, which are, as we have to identify an alien according in the eye of a law the High Court defines alien that can probably be seen by analyzing the High Court decisions from the 2000s. Tania Singh was a small girl who was born in Australia by Indian parents who was holding a temporary visas, her family argued that Tania was born in Australia and she was not an alien in this case Australian Government had refused to give her the Australian citizenship under following circumstances which are: The High Court rejected by saying that she was not an Australian citizen and she is an alien not only this the Australian Government could not simply define the word alien according to its wish on the other hand it did not gave the real indications of that power might be[7]. It had been observed that Tania was an Indian citizen and therefore owed to India and Hayne and Heydden JJ had found it, Later a diametrically approach was taken by Kirby J focusing in that it was the intention of the drafters of the Constitution who have done this and in their view Tania was considered as an alien. From the above fact, we can say that any person born in Australia can become an Australian citizen if he or she follows or obeys the rules and regulations of that nation. 3. Why merits review of administrative decisions is almost universal in Australia? What objectives successive governments have hoped to achieve by providing access to merits review? Have the objectives been achieved? Merits review is an administrative reconsideration of a case. The main objective of a merit review is to ensure that the administrative decisions are correct and preferable. The administration must ensure that the law related to the merits of Australia are correct and have the all the facts in accordance with the law of the country. The law needs to be preferable as the range of decisions that are made need to be based on the relevant facts. The Government of Australia also ensures the fair treatment of the people residing in Australia. These facts make the merits review a universal thing in Australia. The merits review is under the Migration Act, 1958. They possess the power to withhold and vary the primary decision made during the constitution of the Act. They can set aside the primary decisions and substitute it with a new decisions based on the increase in the demographic factor of the country. However, the Migration Act, 1958 and the Migration Regulations Act. 1994 specify that the decisions taken against an individual can be reviewed. The reviewing of the decision need time and cost a lot of money for an individual. In order to enter into a mutual consent with the Government of the world, the Government of Australia hoped to achieve the objectives stated in merits review[8]. Fair treatment of the immigrants may help the productivity of the country. Australia is a country that does not possess large industries for an industrial development of the country. The inflow of people from other parts of the world may help the country to develop technically and compete with the other industrially established countries. The merits review also has certain differences with the judicial review of the land. Judicial review is only concerned with the lawfulness of the challenged decision. The court will grant relief only if the review is outside legal limits. However, this is not the scenario for merits review. Under merit review, the court can grant relief if the individual have the legal documents in accordance with the law. However, violation of severe laws may not allow the court to grant reliefs. The merit review is directed to provide fair treatment to all the people who fall victim to the decisions of the Government. The Government also has certain borders that outline the long term objective of improving the quality and consistency of the decisions. These are based on the primary decisions related to the commencement of the Act. The merit decisions also ensure that the openness and the accountability of the decisions that the Government initially made are enhanced. Thus, the Government of Australia hoped to achieve all the three objectives by legalising the merits review. Achievement of the three objectives can help the Government to establish good relations with the people. The immigrants who visit Australia are sometimes detained due to the lack of visa or proper documents that proves their identity. The Migration Act, 1958 states that an individual need to possess proper visa and must have a good character background. Character background refers to the absence of criminal records or contact with any criminal person. The judicial laws of the country take precautions regarding this law. Such a law ensures the safety of the Australian land and therefore protects the land from any harmful activity. The universal acceptance of the merits review can have their disadvantages. Since the review enables granting of relief outside the law, the safety of the country can be at risk. The merits review also does not allow the courts to revisit the subject matter of a challenged decision. The facts presented in the court are normally the errors of the law. Since the judicial agreement has seen certain serious errors created by the court, the Government undertook the merits review. This is the primary reason behind the universal acceptance of the merits review in Australia[9]. The Government focuses on meeting the objectives of the review and attempt to treat the immigrants equally. The openness and the accountability of the decisions help the individuals to challenge openly the decisions made in the court of law. Hence, the Government of Australia has managed to meet the objectives partially. The adoption of the merits review has helped the immigrants lead a prosperous life in Australia. While on the other hand, the merits review have enabled the lives of the immigrants easier it has reduced the safety and security of the land that the judicial law provided. The coexistence of both laws is necessary for the country[10]. Conclusion In this study, it reveals the various aspects regarding the Australian immigration law and also covers the refugee status part of the countries part. The study shows that an unauthorized a person is residing in Australia with the permission of the authority and suddenly the authority decides that participate is not fit for the country because the person had manipulated the data. The government should have provided the person with a proper chance. However, the person has sent a letter for this issue which is not accepted from the authority side. It also covers the various objectives of the laws such as the decisions which ensure the openness and the accountability for the issue. It also discussed about the ethical issues that the authority should have to take into consideration. Bibliography: Conte, Alex, Human Rights In The Prevention And Punishment Of Terrorism (Springer, 2010) Farbotko, Carol, "Wishful Sinking: Disappearing Islands, Climate Refugees And Cosmopolitan Experimentation" (2010) 51 Asia Pacific Viewpoint GOEL, DEEPTI, "Perceptions Of Immigrants In Australia After 9/11*" (2010) 86 Economic Record Joppke, Christian, Citizenship And Immigration (Polity, 2010) Joyce, A. et al, "The Experiences Of Students From Refugee Backgrounds At Universities In Australia: Reflections On The Social, Emotional And Practical Challenges" (2010) 23 Journal of Refugee Studies Kadianaki, I., "Commentary: Making Sense Of Immigrant Identity Dialogues" (2010) 16 Culture Psychology Kahanec, Martin and Klaus F. Zimmermann, "Migration In An Enlarged EU: A Challenging Solution?"SSRN Electronic Journal Katz, Ilan and Gerry Redmond, "Review Of The Circumstances Among Children In Immigrant Families In Australia" (2010) 3 Child Indicators Research Koslowski, Rey, "Selective Migration Policy Models And Changing Realities Of Implementation" (2013) 52 International Migration Mulvey, G., "When Policy Creates Politics: The Problematizing Of Immigration And The Consequences For Refugee Integration In The UK" (2010) 23 Journal of Refugee Studies O'Neill, Maggie, Asylum, Migration And Community (Policy Press, 2010) Refugee Law In Australia | ALRC (2016) Alrc.gov.au https://www.alrc.gov.au/publications/22-refugee-law/refugee-law-australia-0 Refugee Law-Recent Developments Parliament Of Australia (2016) Aph.gov.au https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/Publications_Archive/CIB/cib0102/02CIB05 Refugees And The Australian Government - International Law Migration Act (2016) Roads-to-refuge.com.au https://www.roads-to-refuge.com.au/whois/whois_government.html Siemiatycki, Myer and Triadafilos Triadfilopoulos, International Perspectives On Immigrant Service Provision (Mowat Centre for Policy Innovation, School of Public Policy Governance, University of Toronto, 2010) Siemiatycki, Myer and Triadafilos Triadfilopoulos, International Perspectives On Immigrant Service Provision (Mowat Centre for Policy Innovation, School of Public Policy Governance, University of Toronto, 2010) Strang, A. and A. Ager, "Refugee Integration: Emerging Trends And Remaining Agendas" (2010) 23Journal of Refugee Studies Tazreiter, Claudia, "Local To Global Activism: The Movement To Protect The Rights Of Refugees And Asylum Seekers" (2010) 9 Social Movement Studies

Voting Challenges in 2012

USA has always been viewed as the most democratic state in the world. This has been due to the fact that the citizens of this nation possess a lot of rights which they get to exercise within the boundaries of their nation. According to Jonel (2006), prior to 1965, US citizens did not have exclusive voting rights. This action impacted greatly on African Americans and other minorities within USA (McCrary, Seaman and Valleley, 2006). Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Voting Challenges in 2012 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In their paper, McCrary et al (2006) asseted that the members of these communities were expected to meet several minimum requirements such as literacy tests, before they were deemed to be eligible for voting. As a result, voter turn out was always low. This did not create a good picture of democracy that the nation was thought to have had. As a result of the Civil Movement in the 1960s coupl ed with pressure from other agencies, the nation enacted the Voting Act of 1965 (Epstein et al, 2006). According to Jonel (2006), the Voting Rights Acts of 1965 removed a lot of barriers that disenfranchised individuals from voting. For instance, during the 2008 elections, president Obama received a lot of votes from the white community despite the fact that he is from an African American background. This proved that section 2 of the Voting Act of 1965 had been implemented effectively. However, the results that he got from some of the states, especially those that were dominated by monirity communities, raised doubts on section 5 of the Act. McCrary et al (2006) in their paper asserted that for the congress to ensure that such events do not recur in the future, several ammendments had to be done in section 5 of the act. These amendments are to be effected in the 2012 presidential elections in the US. The overall effects of these amendments cannot be quantified at the present momen t but it is evident that they will deter minorities from voting (McCrary et al, 2006). The effects of these new legislations can only be understood after they are compared to the Voting Rights Acts of 1965. According to Marjorie (2009), several federal governments in the United States have enacted policies and laws that would govern their state elections and the presidential elections at large. The specifications of these laws and policies go against several sections that were enacted in the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (Jonel, 2006). Therefore, these new policies will make it even harder for individuals to vote, especially the minorities in the US. These new laws will make over five million voters not to be eligible for the 2012 elections. In her article, Marjorie (2009) went further ahead to assert that in the 2012 elections, some states will make it mandatory for voters to provide photo ID before voting. These states include Tennessee, Texas, Wisconsin, South Carolina and Kansas (Ma rjorie, 2009). Its effect is that approximately 3.2 million people who have not obliged to these new laws shall not vote in 2012. Advertising Looking for term paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Marjorie (2009), only 2 states required government issued photo IDs for from voters during the 2008 elections. To be in particular, over 21 million voters do not possess government issued photo IDs and most of these individuals come from minority communities (Marjorie, 2009). In addition, 12 states in the US will require voters to provide their proof of citizenship before voting. This includes documents such as birth certificates to register as a voter or during the voting process. Furthermore, Marjorie (2009) asserts that these new laws will make voter registration to be even harder. Marjorie (2009) states that voter registration is one of the factors that affect voter turnout during elections. Thus, if voter registration is made difficult, especially for minorities, the overall effect is that the turn out during the election date shall be lower than expected. This shall cut down the mobilization efforts that used to specifically encourage individuals from African American community and other minority communities to vote. These laws have also reduced early and absent voting (Marjorie, 2009). The overall outcome of these laws has made it difficult for individuals to register as voter and vote in general. These laws have a higher impact on individuals from the African American Community and other minority communities in the United States (McCrary et al, 2006). As a result, it will be true to conclude that these new laws will deter the minority vote in the 2012 presidential elections. References Epstein, D., Richard P., Rodolfo, G. and Sharyn O. (2006). The Future Of The Voting Rights Act. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. Jonel, N. (2006). Unfinished Business: The Case for Contin uing Special Voting Rights Act Coverage in Florida. University of Miami Law Review, 61 (1), 301-351Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Voting Challenges in 2012 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Marjorie, H. (2009). What We Know about Voter-ID Laws, Registration, and Turnout. PS, 1 (1), 87-91 McCrary, P., Seaman, C. and Valleley, R. (2006). The End of Preclearance as we Knew It: How Supreme Court Transformed Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act. Michigan Journal of Race Law, 8 (1), 275-323 This term paper on Voting Challenges in 2012 was written and submitted by user Lincoln J. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.