National Association For The Advancement Of Colored...

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Born from the Niagara Movement, led by William E. B. DuBois, the NAACP has had a volatile birth and a lively history (Beifuss 17:E4). The impetus for the creation of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People came in the summer of 1908. Severe race riots in Springfield, Illinois, prompted William English Walling to write articles questioning the treatment of the Negro. Reading the articles, Mary White Ovington and Dr. Henry Moskowitz were compelled to meet with Walling. Consequently, the three along with a group of black and white citizens had considered the present state of the Negro, disfranchised in the South and taxed while†¦show more content†¦The early success was due in large part to the interracial membership (Franklin 91). A large part of the membership consisted of white socialist and liberals (Franklin). For some time the NAACP was white- led. In time the Association became black dominated; Specifically, under the guida nce of James Weldon Johnson. During the rule of Johnson, the NAACP began to form its reputation for using litigation. Although many of the NAACPs landmark cases did not occur until the 1950s and 1960s, the foundation was laid in the 1920s and 1930s. In short the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People transformed from a white dominated, infantile organization too the first black led organization, which influenced Congressional legislation under Hardings administration. During the next twenty years, the NAACP would be embattled in court cases which changed the face of America. One of the landmark cases that occurred, Brown v. Board was argued by lead attorney Thurgood Marshall (Lang F12). Another case which created opportunities for blacks, was Open Housing Act of 1968. Under this law it became illegal to refuse to sell property solely based on race. Since that time in which the blacks truly gained their civil rights, the NAACP tried to register 3 million voters throughout the South (Jenkins). Indeed the most productive period of National Association for the AdvancementShow MoreRelatedThe National Association for the Advancement of Colored People670 Words   |  3 PagesWhen History Changed The NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) was founded in the year of 1909 in New York City. This association is considered the nation’s biggest and oldest civil rights organizations. It was formed in response to the continuing terrible practice of lynching during that period. Lynching was being practiced during this time and affected many people just because of their skin color. The NAACP was made by white and black citizens â€Å"[fought] for socialRead MoreThe National Association of the Advancement of Colored People1450 Words   |  6 PagesThe National Association of the Advancement of Colored People Almost 500,000 Americans of all races are members of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), the largest civil rights organization in the world and probably the largest secular citizens action agency in the nation. Founded in 1909, the NAACP is the oldest civil rights organization as well as the most powerful and the most respected today. The NAACP is the national spokesperson for blackRead MoreNational Association For The Advancement Of Colored People1233 Words   |  5 Pagesforced them to live these lives of hell. It wasn’t until the development of the NAACP came around, that they began to see equal treatment. The NAACP is an organization created and developed for the advancement of African Americans. NAACP is an acronym for National Association for the advancement of Colored People. The NAACP website discusses the development and purpose of the NAACP. The NAACP was founded by a group of African Americans who were fed up with the injustic es towards blacks. It was foundedRead MoreThe National Association For The Advancement Of Colored People1627 Words   |  7 PagesThe National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) states its mission as: â€Å"The NAACP insures the political, educational, social and economic equality of minority groups and citizens; achieves equality of rights and eliminates race prejudice among the citizens of the United States; removes all barriers of racial discrimination through the democratic processes; seeks to enact and enforce federal, state, and local laws securing civil rights; informs the public of the adverse effectsRead MoreThe National Association For The Advancement Of Colored People1425 Words   |  6 PagesI will be observing a Hofstra University organization, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). The intent of the NAACP Chapter at Hofstra University is to educate, uplift, and unify the students of Hofstra University and the s urrounding community. They discuss issues surrounding the black community and bring about different ways to help alleviate the pressures the black community faces. A main issue facing the black community throughout the United States is policeRead MoreNational Association For The Advancement Of Colored People1177 Words   |  5 PagesThis semester, I decided to go to a National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. known as the NAACP, meeting to attend their monthly leadership meeting. The meeting was held on March 17, 2016, and there were about 6 people in existence from the Golden Triangle area. All of the people in attendance are a part of the local chapter of the NAACP. The meeting was ran by the secretary and treasurer of the local chapter. Before the meeting started, the group all bowed their heads in prayerRead MoreThe National Association For The Advancement Of Colored People Essay1153 Words   |  5 PagesThe National Association for the Advancement of Colored People was founded in 1909. Their mission was â€Å"to ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights of all persons and to eliminate racial hatred and racial discrimination†. During this time, African-Americans were denied several basic constitutional rights. Throughout the Civil Right Movement, as black people began to gain rights, the NAACP began to fall into oblivion. For several years there after, very little newsRead MoreNational Association For The Advancement Of Colored People1042 Words   |  5 PagesNational Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) The mission of the NAACP is to protect and provide the political, educational, social, and economic equality rights of minority groups and citizens; attain equal opportunity of rights and excludes race discrimination between the citizens of the United States. The objectives of this mission are to inform the public of the adverse effects of racial discrimination and to seek its elimination, to seek enactment and enforcement of federalRead MoreThe Achievement Of The National Association For The Advancement Of Colored People Essay1312 Words   |  6 Pagesthen drawn into a larger field of responsibility. She was one of the first members of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). She was appointed to Chicago’s Board of Education, and in 1909 she became the first woman president of the National Conference of Charities and Corrections. â€Å"In 1911, she was elected vice president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association.† Years later, in 1915, she accepted the chairmanship of the Women’s Peace Party. AddamsRead MoreAfrican Americans : National Association For The Advancement Of Colored People1883 Words   |  8 PagesDuring the 1900s African Americans fought for freedom and racial uplift. Today African Americans can be seen fighting for equality and justice. African Americans actions were demonstrated through the Niagara Movement, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People also known as the NAACP, the Harlem Renaissance, and the civil rights movement. Each of the movements listed have shown the different struggles Blacks went through for what they believe in. The Niagara Movement was an important

Slavery The African American Slavery - 2189 Words

Amira Farid December 2, 2014 APUSH - Steiker Period 6 Slavery 1775 - 1830 â€Å"Those who will not reason, are bigots, those who cannot, are fools, and those who dare not, are slaves, † said George Gordon Byron. Though slavery has never had a universal definition, one might describe it as the dependent labour by one person performed to another who is not of his or her family. It was thought to have come about after a dramatic labour shortage in particular areas or countries. In America, slavery has always been a highly debated topic throughout the years. Often, people associate slavery with words such as â€Å"brutal, cruel, inhumane, and horrible†. Slaves were forced to forget about freedom and about the liberties of life that Americans now take for granted. During the years 1775 to 1830, African American slavery saw simultaneously the freedom of many colored men and the enlargement of the institution of slavery. The free and enslaved African Americans had different methods in approaching the challenges in front of them. The demand for a lab or force in the production of cotton encouraged the expansion of slavery; however, due to increasing national identity, the republican value of equality and freedom denounced the systems of slavery, allowing for a more widespread bondage; the free slaves in the North focused on tangible reasons for freedom, while the enslaved African Americans in the South focused gaining freedom through practical means. The ending of theShow MoreRelatedThe Slavery Of African Americans942 Words   |  4 Pagespeople I met asked me that we Africans sold other Africans into slavery and why? I will tell them well I was not born when it happened, I only learn about slavery in school not even my parents told me so I cannot provide you with genuine reason behind slavery but I do understand this that it may have some economic benefits attached to it and that is a fact, the world back then was like survival of the fittest, slavery was rampant all over the world and not only black Africans were enslaved, ma ny ethnicitiesRead MoreThe Slavery Of African Americans1208 Words   |  5 PagesBack when there was Slavery it was unfair to some people, at least to the African Americans. By unfair I mean the whites, like most of us would torture the Africans. Some of the things the owners did was made the slaves work in fields without pay and they had no control over their own self, their owner did. But, if they were not doing, that the owners would do something bad like whip them with a whip with metal on the end. Also, it even was effected in sports because back then it was just whitesRead MoreThe Slavery Of African Americans1207 Words   |  5 Pagestime where slavery was legal in America was a dark time that all wish was expunged from the nation’s history. Ever since the end of WWII came around and Japanese and victims of the Holocaust started to receive reparations for the ordeals then endeavored. This launched a proposal that the descendants of the enslaved people in the United States would be given some type of compensation. The form of compensation varies from individual monetary payments to land-based payment. Although the American enslavementRead MoreThe Slavery Of African Americans975 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the early developments of America, multiple states instituted the practice of owning African-Americans and using them as slaves. Surprisingly, this form of slavery was not only present in the Southern states, but also in the Northern too. Plantation owners from all over found their use in owning slaves, and were even shown taking advantage of the practice. By having ownership of slaves, it often contributed in farming production on plantations and also became useful when it came to votingRead MoreThe Slavery Of African Americans2011 Words   |  9 Pagespeople to turn to another source which could supply them with slaves. In result, African American slaves were brought to the U.S to facilitate life and work together with the European workforce. These African Americans came from a multitude of places including Africa and the Caribbean. From this day forth the lives of all African Americans changed, having an everlasting effect on their lives. After this, African Americans were viewed as slaves and it was the norm back then, which was a harsh, cruelRead MoreSlavery And The African Americans1071 Words   |  5 Pagesdiscussing slavery with other individuals. Throughout the years I have been a victim of my own ignorance for believing that Slave ry undoubtedly ended in 1865. I can honestly admit that I was wrong. After having watched the documentary â€Å"Slavery by Another Name† I gained new insight into the history of slavery and the struggles that African Americans suffered during that time. I learned that slavery did not end after the 13th Amendment was passed. After the Amendment was passed African Americans were victimsRead MoreThe Slavery Of African Americans1695 Words   |  7 Pagesthe enslavement of African Americans, to the mistreatment of Native Americans on the Trail of Tears, and the subtle and sometimes overt discrimination oppressing American women today, there has been a long and continuing history of discrimination and unfair action against our fellow citizens. It would be deceitful for us to think that our nation has lived up to the ideals of the words â€Å"all men are created equal† since the day the Constitution was written by the Founders. Slavery comes in many formsRead MoreThe Slavery Of African Americans2857 Words   |  12 Pages A black African-American that was one of the many few who was born free in Wilmington, North Carolina went by the name of David Walker. Walker’s father whom died before his birth was a slave but his mother was a free woman. In the state’s laws Walker inherited his mother’s liberated status although, being free did not keep him from witnessing slavery. Walker traveled throughout his time in his younger days in the South, noticing the injustices of the slave system that the whites had going on. EvenRead MoreThe Slavery Of African Americans1844 Words   |  8 PagesMost African Americans were forcibly migrated from their countries to the United States to be used for the labor in fields and even do home chores for their owners. Many African American men, women and even children were either stolen from their families or sold by their own people to traders who would bring them back to the United States and sold them to white plantation owners. An African American who was bought by white owner was called a slave. The word slaves means â€Å"a person who is a legal propertyRead MoreThe Slavery Of African Americans860 Words   |  4 Pagesand the neighborhoods are infested with drugs and weaponry; then you’re at war. African people have been at war with society, and in spite of the fact that their weapons has slightly been adjusted over the years, it still remains the same endless war we’ve been facing since the settling of African people in the Americas. African people could never fully integrate with the shared heritage and experience within the African identity. Wars have been going on for times on end, from Emmitt Till to the Rosewood

Australian Immigration Law Immigration Law

Question: Describe about the Australian Immigration Law for Immigration Law. Answer: Introduction The entire assignment deals with the various aspects of the Australian Immigration Law. A UK citizen, namely Jack Harkness holds a subclass 457. He also is an employee of a reputed Australian company Torchwood Ltd. jack is in a relationship with Gwen who also holds a subclass visa as a secondary applicant. Both of the visas have their expiry date on June, 30, 2018. Both of them entered in Australian on September, 2014. After that, they have given birth to a child on May, 2016. The Australian investigation agency started working on the background of Jack and found that he had skipped some information regarding his date of birth and also hides some convictions activities that he had done in the UK. The Notice of Intention to Consider Cancellation (NOICC) was sent to him. However, they do not receive any satisfactory response from him. Therefore the authority decides to cancel both Jack and Gwens visa under s.140(1) on the very same date. This study is going to reveal that whether the c ancellation of the visas is viable according to the Law or not. 1.b Is this policy valid? If Jacks application is refused solely on the basis of applying this policy, what prospects does he have for review? The cancellation procedure of the visas is discussed through the Migration Act 1958. It differs according how the power of cancellation is settled. The major provision of the subdivision C of Part 2 Division 3 of the Act is s 109. This provides the cancellation of a visa if any of the issues of rejection in ss 101 to ss 105 are made[1]. Therefore, it can be said that, ss 101-105 of the Migration Act 1958 applied to the provision of providing wrong information to a particular department regarding a visa application, a passenger card along with any irrelevant document. A person who is not a resident of Australia is also need to produce the changes of circumstances along with the previously produced information which is not proper. Failure to meet with these components permits the ministry to issue a Notice of Intention to Consider Cancellation (NOICC) towards the visa holder[2]. Then the visa holder may argue that the visa should not be cancelled in the ground of any event. Therefore t he NOICC should have be very specific while refusing any kind of claim. A major component have found by the Authority which sets some limits to the cancellation procedure of a visa. It is not sufficient to claim that the person who holds the visa has breached a particular section of the proposed Act without providing the actual reasons and situations that can enhance the possibility of breaching a particular section. Then its upto the Minister whether to cancel the particular visa under the subdivision s 109[3]. The section 109 is very much unique among the cancellation power regarding there are the legislative criterias which the Minister should have to consider before cancelling a visa of a person under that particular section. The Regulation 2.41 provides a list of a huge number of components that the Minister should have to take into consideration. Among these, some of the important factors are the characteristics of the proper information or authentic document along with the situation in which the refusal occurred and the history of immigration; and the general characteristics of the visa holder. Therefore, it is important for the Minister before making a cancellation decision, all the factors needs to take into consideration. Therefore, it can be said that the policy is valid at the same time and non valid. Jack produced inappropriate document regarding his date of birth and he also hides his criminal activities that he had done in the UK and other countries in Europe. Therefore, the A uthority served a NOICC under the s.109 of the Act and they have received a less satisfactory response from Jack. Therefore, they have decided to cancel his visa on June 1, 2016. This is partially valid because, the concerned person had submitted bogus documentation to the higher authority and started to reside in Australia with illegal authorization. Therefore, the Australian Authority can cancel his visa before the due date. On the other hand, they are partially wrong also. At the early stage the authority permits Jack and his partners visa upto 2018. However, they are cancelling their visa before the speculated time period. The authority has to consider their background and then decide whether to cancel the visa or not. The concerned person had received the response from Jack and the person should be very careful while studying the response. It needs to look into factors such as why Jack manipulated data regarding his date of birth and why he skipped the crimes that he had done in the UK and other adjoining countries in the Europe. There should be some issues that the authority should have to take into consideration while cancelling a visa of a person before the time period. The authority must have to know the actual facts regarding the topic that why the person had manipulated the data and whether the person had done some criminal activities or not, or the person was just forcefully dragged into that convictions activity. There is a minor chance that the person was not even indulged with the convictions and he was forcefully dragged into the matter or just trapped into the matter. The authority must provide the person a proper time period to tell about the fact that why he had manipulated the data[4]. There are many aspects that a person can change his date of birth. One of them is, that the person does not properly know his date of birth because he lost his parents at very small age. Therefore, providing the actual birth details can be difficult for that person. In this case, Jack has accepted that he had pro vided manipulated report regarding his details, however, the authority must have to provide him at least to say what the actual cause of this activity. 2.a What are the most frequently claimed justifications by governments for the outsourcing of government functions? Administrative laws are those laws, which deals with the laws of a nation like as the same way there are certain laws that depend from nation to nations and in Australia, there are certain administration laws which are divided in various categories which are as: Firstly, is the constitutional law: this law states about the laws regarding the constitution of a particular state on any matter it guides the normal citizens of a nation about a law, which is available in a nation like Australia and in other nations also. In other words, it is said in the constitutional laws in Australia, which deals with regarding the rights and freedoms of the peoples of Australia who are living in Australia and the peoples who are going to Australia for any purpose[5]. Secondly, the criminal laws of a nation, it basically states if a person had committed any sort of crime while staying in a particular nation then, that person will be punished under that law. For example in if a person had committed any sort of crime like as theft, burglary, murder or any sort of crime then that person will be punished under the Indian Pennal Code Act[6]. There are different migration laws for the different countries and this laws are being formed by the Government of that particular nation and if is found that any person have violated that law then he or she will be punished according to the laws of that nation. Similarly, there are certain laws in Australia, which were divided in various groups, which are: Legislature: this states that about the enactment of the laws and it is used for the supervision purpose. In Australia in order to become a law, it has to be passed under two houses, which are the House of Representatives and the Senate. The Executive: the executive general consists of the high ministerial control like as the Prime Minister of a particular nation. These executives created the laws and they execute the laws in the system so that it must be followed. The Government generals assistance is also required to make the law applicable and this assent is known as Royal assent and it is not applicable in Australia. The Judiciary: it consists all the courts like as the Federal Courts, Supreme Courts and many other courts. It has been found that there has been an overlap between the Judiciary and the executive so in Australia and others the judiciary is completely independent. 2.b Given the decision in S v Secretary, Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs and comments of the High Court in M68/2015 v MIBP, do you think that outsourcing of immigration detention functions has achieved any of these objectives? The outsourcing of immigration detention functions has achieved many of these objectives, which are, as we have to identify an alien according in the eye of a law the High Court defines alien that can probably be seen by analyzing the High Court decisions from the 2000s. Tania Singh was a small girl who was born in Australia by Indian parents who was holding a temporary visas, her family argued that Tania was born in Australia and she was not an alien in this case Australian Government had refused to give her the Australian citizenship under following circumstances which are: The High Court rejected by saying that she was not an Australian citizen and she is an alien not only this the Australian Government could not simply define the word alien according to its wish on the other hand it did not gave the real indications of that power might be[7]. It had been observed that Tania was an Indian citizen and therefore owed to India and Hayne and Heydden JJ had found it, Later a diametrically approach was taken by Kirby J focusing in that it was the intention of the drafters of the Constitution who have done this and in their view Tania was considered as an alien. From the above fact, we can say that any person born in Australia can become an Australian citizen if he or she follows or obeys the rules and regulations of that nation. 3. Why merits review of administrative decisions is almost universal in Australia? What objectives successive governments have hoped to achieve by providing access to merits review? Have the objectives been achieved? Merits review is an administrative reconsideration of a case. The main objective of a merit review is to ensure that the administrative decisions are correct and preferable. The administration must ensure that the law related to the merits of Australia are correct and have the all the facts in accordance with the law of the country. The law needs to be preferable as the range of decisions that are made need to be based on the relevant facts. The Government of Australia also ensures the fair treatment of the people residing in Australia. These facts make the merits review a universal thing in Australia. The merits review is under the Migration Act, 1958. They possess the power to withhold and vary the primary decision made during the constitution of the Act. They can set aside the primary decisions and substitute it with a new decisions based on the increase in the demographic factor of the country. However, the Migration Act, 1958 and the Migration Regulations Act. 1994 specify that the decisions taken against an individual can be reviewed. The reviewing of the decision need time and cost a lot of money for an individual. In order to enter into a mutual consent with the Government of the world, the Government of Australia hoped to achieve the objectives stated in merits review[8]. Fair treatment of the immigrants may help the productivity of the country. Australia is a country that does not possess large industries for an industrial development of the country. The inflow of people from other parts of the world may help the country to develop technically and compete with the other industrially established countries. The merits review also has certain differences with the judicial review of the land. Judicial review is only concerned with the lawfulness of the challenged decision. The court will grant relief only if the review is outside legal limits. However, this is not the scenario for merits review. Under merit review, the court can grant relief if the individual have the legal documents in accordance with the law. However, violation of severe laws may not allow the court to grant reliefs. The merit review is directed to provide fair treatment to all the people who fall victim to the decisions of the Government. The Government also has certain borders that outline the long term objective of improving the quality and consistency of the decisions. These are based on the primary decisions related to the commencement of the Act. The merit decisions also ensure that the openness and the accountability of the decisions that the Government initially made are enhanced. Thus, the Government of Australia hoped to achieve all the three objectives by legalising the merits review. Achievement of the three objectives can help the Government to establish good relations with the people. The immigrants who visit Australia are sometimes detained due to the lack of visa or proper documents that proves their identity. The Migration Act, 1958 states that an individual need to possess proper visa and must have a good character background. Character background refers to the absence of criminal records or contact with any criminal person. The judicial laws of the country take precautions regarding this law. Such a law ensures the safety of the Australian land and therefore protects the land from any harmful activity. The universal acceptance of the merits review can have their disadvantages. Since the review enables granting of relief outside the law, the safety of the country can be at risk. The merits review also does not allow the courts to revisit the subject matter of a challenged decision. The facts presented in the court are normally the errors of the law. Since the judicial agreement has seen certain serious errors created by the court, the Government undertook the merits review. This is the primary reason behind the universal acceptance of the merits review in Australia[9]. The Government focuses on meeting the objectives of the review and attempt to treat the immigrants equally. The openness and the accountability of the decisions help the individuals to challenge openly the decisions made in the court of law. Hence, the Government of Australia has managed to meet the objectives partially. The adoption of the merits review has helped the immigrants lead a prosperous life in Australia. While on the other hand, the merits review have enabled the lives of the immigrants easier it has reduced the safety and security of the land that the judicial law provided. The coexistence of both laws is necessary for the country[10]. Conclusion In this study, it reveals the various aspects regarding the Australian immigration law and also covers the refugee status part of the countries part. The study shows that an unauthorized a person is residing in Australia with the permission of the authority and suddenly the authority decides that participate is not fit for the country because the person had manipulated the data. The government should have provided the person with a proper chance. However, the person has sent a letter for this issue which is not accepted from the authority side. It also covers the various objectives of the laws such as the decisions which ensure the openness and the accountability for the issue. It also discussed about the ethical issues that the authority should have to take into consideration. Bibliography: Conte, Alex, Human Rights In The Prevention And Punishment Of Terrorism (Springer, 2010) Farbotko, Carol, "Wishful Sinking: Disappearing Islands, Climate Refugees And Cosmopolitan Experimentation" (2010) 51 Asia Pacific Viewpoint GOEL, DEEPTI, "Perceptions Of Immigrants In Australia After 9/11*" (2010) 86 Economic Record Joppke, Christian, Citizenship And Immigration (Polity, 2010) Joyce, A. et al, "The Experiences Of Students From Refugee Backgrounds At Universities In Australia: Reflections On The Social, Emotional And Practical Challenges" (2010) 23 Journal of Refugee Studies Kadianaki, I., "Commentary: Making Sense Of Immigrant Identity Dialogues" (2010) 16 Culture Psychology Kahanec, Martin and Klaus F. Zimmermann, "Migration In An Enlarged EU: A Challenging Solution?"SSRN Electronic Journal Katz, Ilan and Gerry Redmond, "Review Of The Circumstances Among Children In Immigrant Families In Australia" (2010) 3 Child Indicators Research Koslowski, Rey, "Selective Migration Policy Models And Changing Realities Of Implementation" (2013) 52 International Migration Mulvey, G., "When Policy Creates Politics: The Problematizing Of Immigration And The Consequences For Refugee Integration In The UK" (2010) 23 Journal of Refugee Studies O'Neill, Maggie, Asylum, Migration And Community (Policy Press, 2010) Refugee Law In Australia | ALRC (2016) Alrc.gov.au https://www.alrc.gov.au/publications/22-refugee-law/refugee-law-australia-0 Refugee Law-Recent Developments Parliament Of Australia (2016) Aph.gov.au https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/Publications_Archive/CIB/cib0102/02CIB05 Refugees And The Australian Government - International Law Migration Act (2016) Roads-to-refuge.com.au https://www.roads-to-refuge.com.au/whois/whois_government.html Siemiatycki, Myer and Triadafilos Triadfilopoulos, International Perspectives On Immigrant Service Provision (Mowat Centre for Policy Innovation, School of Public Policy Governance, University of Toronto, 2010) Siemiatycki, Myer and Triadafilos Triadfilopoulos, International Perspectives On Immigrant Service Provision (Mowat Centre for Policy Innovation, School of Public Policy Governance, University of Toronto, 2010) Strang, A. and A. Ager, "Refugee Integration: Emerging Trends And Remaining Agendas" (2010) 23Journal of Refugee Studies Tazreiter, Claudia, "Local To Global Activism: The Movement To Protect The Rights Of Refugees And Asylum Seekers" (2010) 9 Social Movement Studies

Voting Challenges in 2012

USA has always been viewed as the most democratic state in the world. This has been due to the fact that the citizens of this nation possess a lot of rights which they get to exercise within the boundaries of their nation. According to Jonel (2006), prior to 1965, US citizens did not have exclusive voting rights. This action impacted greatly on African Americans and other minorities within USA (McCrary, Seaman and Valleley, 2006). Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Voting Challenges in 2012 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In their paper, McCrary et al (2006) asseted that the members of these communities were expected to meet several minimum requirements such as literacy tests, before they were deemed to be eligible for voting. As a result, voter turn out was always low. This did not create a good picture of democracy that the nation was thought to have had. As a result of the Civil Movement in the 1960s coupl ed with pressure from other agencies, the nation enacted the Voting Act of 1965 (Epstein et al, 2006). According to Jonel (2006), the Voting Rights Acts of 1965 removed a lot of barriers that disenfranchised individuals from voting. For instance, during the 2008 elections, president Obama received a lot of votes from the white community despite the fact that he is from an African American background. This proved that section 2 of the Voting Act of 1965 had been implemented effectively. However, the results that he got from some of the states, especially those that were dominated by monirity communities, raised doubts on section 5 of the Act. McCrary et al (2006) in their paper asserted that for the congress to ensure that such events do not recur in the future, several ammendments had to be done in section 5 of the act. These amendments are to be effected in the 2012 presidential elections in the US. The overall effects of these amendments cannot be quantified at the present momen t but it is evident that they will deter minorities from voting (McCrary et al, 2006). The effects of these new legislations can only be understood after they are compared to the Voting Rights Acts of 1965. According to Marjorie (2009), several federal governments in the United States have enacted policies and laws that would govern their state elections and the presidential elections at large. The specifications of these laws and policies go against several sections that were enacted in the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (Jonel, 2006). Therefore, these new policies will make it even harder for individuals to vote, especially the minorities in the US. These new laws will make over five million voters not to be eligible for the 2012 elections. In her article, Marjorie (2009) went further ahead to assert that in the 2012 elections, some states will make it mandatory for voters to provide photo ID before voting. These states include Tennessee, Texas, Wisconsin, South Carolina and Kansas (Ma rjorie, 2009). Its effect is that approximately 3.2 million people who have not obliged to these new laws shall not vote in 2012. Advertising Looking for term paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Marjorie (2009), only 2 states required government issued photo IDs for from voters during the 2008 elections. To be in particular, over 21 million voters do not possess government issued photo IDs and most of these individuals come from minority communities (Marjorie, 2009). In addition, 12 states in the US will require voters to provide their proof of citizenship before voting. This includes documents such as birth certificates to register as a voter or during the voting process. Furthermore, Marjorie (2009) asserts that these new laws will make voter registration to be even harder. Marjorie (2009) states that voter registration is one of the factors that affect voter turnout during elections. Thus, if voter registration is made difficult, especially for minorities, the overall effect is that the turn out during the election date shall be lower than expected. This shall cut down the mobilization efforts that used to specifically encourage individuals from African American community and other minority communities to vote. These laws have also reduced early and absent voting (Marjorie, 2009). The overall outcome of these laws has made it difficult for individuals to register as voter and vote in general. These laws have a higher impact on individuals from the African American Community and other minority communities in the United States (McCrary et al, 2006). As a result, it will be true to conclude that these new laws will deter the minority vote in the 2012 presidential elections. References Epstein, D., Richard P., Rodolfo, G. and Sharyn O. (2006). The Future Of The Voting Rights Act. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. Jonel, N. (2006). Unfinished Business: The Case for Contin uing Special Voting Rights Act Coverage in Florida. University of Miami Law Review, 61 (1), 301-351Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Voting Challenges in 2012 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Marjorie, H. (2009). What We Know about Voter-ID Laws, Registration, and Turnout. PS, 1 (1), 87-91 McCrary, P., Seaman, C. and Valleley, R. (2006). The End of Preclearance as we Knew It: How Supreme Court Transformed Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act. Michigan Journal of Race Law, 8 (1), 275-323 This term paper on Voting Challenges in 2012 was written and submitted by user Lincoln J. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Mother

Write an essay on mother and son relationship A mother's love is very important. A child who feels love is most likely to succeed and give it in return than a child who never received it and doesn't know what it means to be loved. In most cases, it is the mother's love, care, and understanding that enable the child to overcome many hurdles in their life. In my case, I was able to An important obstacle that I overcame because of my mother was shyness. I always kept to myself and never felt the need to go out of my way to be friendly. But my mother constantly told me and pointed out that communication is key in the real world and that I had to learn to communicate with people if I wanted to succeed. She realized that in order for me to overcome my shyness, I had to start talking to people and being sociable so she introduced me to different people and I began to open up more. Eventually I was able to start high school and make life-long friends there and I owe it all to her. Another obstacle I overcame was self-doubt. Whenever I had trouble believing I could do something, my mother was always there to believe in me and constantly install me that I could do anything as long as I believed I could. Whenever I have trouble with friends or school or when I was just in one of my "moods", my mother was always there for me and willing to discuss my dilemmas. The fact that she is proud of what I accomplish is the main reason for my success so far and I am glad that with her help, I am more confident in my abilities and potential. The last obstacles that I overcame and am still overcoming are the overall difficult times. These times include problems concerning school, and even problem with my parents. Like I said before, when I do have problems with work being extremely difficult, my mother doesn't criticize me for failing, but encourages me to try harder and tells me she is still proud of my efforts. She knows that I am not perfect ... Free Essays on Mother Free Essays on Mother Write an essay on mother and son relationship A mother's love is very important. A child who feels love is most likely to succeed and give it in return than a child who never received it and doesn't know what it means to be loved. In most cases, it is the mother's love, care, and understanding that enable the child to overcome many hurdles in their life. In my case, I was able to An important obstacle that I overcame because of my mother was shyness. I always kept to myself and never felt the need to go out of my way to be friendly. But my mother constantly told me and pointed out that communication is key in the real world and that I had to learn to communicate with people if I wanted to succeed. She realized that in order for me to overcome my shyness, I had to start talking to people and being sociable so she introduced me to different people and I began to open up more. Eventually I was able to start high school and make life-long friends there and I owe it all to her. Another obstacle I overcame was self-doubt. Whenever I had trouble believing I could do something, my mother was always there to believe in me and constantly install me that I could do anything as long as I believed I could. Whenever I have trouble with friends or school or when I was just in one of my "moods", my mother was always there for me and willing to discuss my dilemmas. The fact that she is proud of what I accomplish is the main reason for my success so far and I am glad that with her help, I am more confident in my abilities and potential. The last obstacles that I overcame and am still overcoming are the overall difficult times. These times include problems concerning school, and even problem with my parents. Like I said before, when I do have problems with work being extremely difficult, my mother doesn't criticize me for failing, but encourages me to try harder and tells me she is still proud of my efforts. She knows that I am not perfect ...

Expatriate Failure Essay Example

Expatriate Failure Essay Example Expatriate Failure Paper Expatriate Failure Paper Studies undertaken in this area have shown that there is a high rate of failure among expatriates mainly because of their and their families inability to deal with the uncertainties associated with Reasons for this failure can be improper selection criteria and mechanisms, lack of earlier international experience , cross cultural training ,individual factors, Job related factors, home country situations, host country situations, and various other non-Job related reasons( Black,et al,1991). These failures can, not only be detrimental to organizations growth in overseas but also can create problems In the personal life of these elite executives. This essay tries to Investigate the reasons for the expatriate failure and suggest remedies to bring down the percentage of this evil or If possible completely eradicate It. Proper understanding of the term expatriate failure will help In finding the reasons as well as to suggest remedies. According to Lee(2007), presently available literature lacks wider acceptance because ,expatriate failure is studied on the basis of only premature return and it fails to show the true picture of the extend of this vicious phenomenon. The use of this definition can be misleading and can cover up underlying issues, as it implies the completion of duration of expatriate tenure is a definite success and completely forgets the important factors like achieving performance objectives, repatriation difficulties and undervaluing the skills and knowledge developed by the expatriates. With this wider perspective reasons for the expatriate failure can be analyzed in a more fruitful and meaningful manner (Harding, 1995; Harrison, 1999). Reasons for the failure of expatriates Various studies have established the failure rate of expatriates Is exceedingly high ND cost incurred can be substantial (Sanchez, et al, 2000: Forester, 1997). The Survey conducted by GAMMA Global relocation in May, 2008 identified three main reasons for the expatriate failure (Halide, et al 2010) . These reasons are, finding right candidate, helping employees and their families and retraining these employees once the assignment is completed. Existing literature review demonstrates, selection of the appropriate expatriate, absence or poorly developed cross-cultural training programs and spouse and family related issues (Zaire;Banzai, 1985; Black ;Maidenhead, 1990; Black ;Stephens, 1999) . Some others point out technical Incapability and lace of home country support (Lee,2007)can also contribute to this failure. For a fruitful discussion all these reasons can be grouped Into four 1) Selection of Appropriate Candidate categories. 2) Cultural adaptability 3) Spouse and family related issues 4) Lack AT none country support Selection of appropriate candidate In most of the cases perfect candidate is Just a dream for the HER mangers. They have to choose from the available candidates who are willing to be relocated. Along with lack of availability of good candidates there is a jack of consensus among HER mangers in deciding the criteria for selection of expatriates. A study conducted by Tune (1987) found that companies put over emphasis on technical capability while selecting the expatriates, but the study proved that this reason is not among the first five contributors in expatriate failure. A research conducted by Stone (1991) among Australian and Asian managers demonstrated that different managers ranked different criteria for expatriate selection. Foreign postings are no longer seen as golden opportunity and they are being turn down as they are not worthy enough the struggle . The result of a survey conducted by Pay ;Benefit consultant, William M, Mercer. (Clarke, 1997) demonstrated that expatriate staff in general is let down by the selection and grooming procedures. Fifty percent of the organizations do not have a structured selection procedure and do not give any cultural briefing for the workers ready to go overseas. Employers have started understanding the difficulty in finding the right and willing staff along with need for integrating HER strategies for selection and recruitment of international positions. Cultural adaptability- Expatriates have to deal tit different ways of life and unaccustomed work environments which can be a cause of increasing stress. Research conducted by Seller and Lung (Halide et al 2010) showed that expatriates who find it difficult to adjust work and life in the foreign country are expected to perform poorly. According to another survey conducted by Just landed in 2008(Halley, et al, 2007) found that the biggest problems were adapting to local culture (85%) followed getting new friends (72%) and 42% was related to the difficulties with learning the new language. Most of the time spouse ho deals with the local people needs more support. However detail may be the cultural training given by the HER department it is impractical to expect an executive to acquire everything about the culture of a country prior to traveling to that country. According to Black, quoted by Wang (2008) factors like urge for adjustment, skills and management capability, social relations, tolerance to uncertainty, faith and ability to satisfy expectations can help to reduce the cultural shock in the host country. Cultural intelligence could help the expatriates to face the cultural differences in a utter manner Spouse and family related issues Family related issues are higher because of the profile of the typical expatriate employee. Most of expatriates are aged between the age of 30-40 and this is the time of highest family commitment. More than 60% of the expanse take their spouse when they take an overseas assignment. This most of the time end up in partner sacrificing established carrier and compensation. One of the research conducted by ACE International (Clarke, 1997) found that the number one reason for turning down international opportunity is the disruption of partners career. Children schooling can be another major reason . Recent discussions with a I-J expatriate in China pointed out the security safety issue of teen age children is a growing issue for many expatriates as they become rebellious because of the new culture and missing of friends. William M, Mercer study showed that, one third of the companies put some kind of an effort to prepare ten Tamales out oaten Ana up long It supernaturally. Lack AT none country support Expatriates need support before leaving the country, while working overseas and while returning. Expatriates may face many hassles in the host country ND support from the home country can serve as a source of relief for them. Support does not end in having a good pay package and cultural training. Support is required in work and non work related areas. A study conducted by Shaffer and Harrison (1998) proved that support for the direct, indirect and moderate influence of non work satisfaction can be decision points for expatriates quit their assignments . Virginia Hollies, vice president of ICING international expatriate benefits (CUBE) commented recently that organizations have to spend little more to take better are of expatriates as it is cheaper than loosing good people. During assignment expatriates are faced with serious challenges both in daily life and business activities. Research sponsored by CUBE, Worktable, and National foreign trade council found that expatriates lack required preparation, assistance while on assignment and appropriate support for repatriation. The expensive bottom line is that almost 44%of expatriates leave their company within two years of the contract (PR Newswire, 2001). And appropriate support system can definitely reduce the expatriate failure rate. Suggestions Recommendations Success in international business depends upon the globally effective human resource management. Todays Macs are not only challenged by internal issues but also with the norms of other countries and international competition . The following suggestion can help the reduction of expatriate failure if implemented properly. ) Good HARM practices- This includes the fixing of appropriate selection criteria, overall expatriate packages including repatriation, and integrating HER practices globally. HER has to be an integrated part of the international business to acquire necessary importance. For this further researches and studies to be undertaken with the wider definition of expatriate failure. 2) Developing cultural intelligence (HER. Magazine, 200 8) is the best available solution for facing the cultural shock effectively. This is uniquely tailored for the individual and provides an integrated approach towards learning, motivational and behavioral features. It is built on a unifying psychological model of cultural adaptation rather than piecemeal and country specific approach to training. 3) There is no one single readmes solution for the family related issues. The best thing any organization can do is to prepare the family beforehand. Ellison (Clarke, 2010) suggests people to visit the country before hand to look for schools and prepare other necessary requirements. He also encourages spouses to attend the cross-cultural training classes and most importantly to learn the language as it is not only useful but also widens the social circle as they meet similar people. Dual career resolution still remains a big issue but some organizations have started in supporting the expatriate to find suitable Job for the spouses in organizational level itself. 4) Integration of global HER activities is the key to make sure ongoing support for expatriates. Virginia Hollies (PR Newswire, 2001) recommend a five C approach in this area. These are culture, compensation, co-ordination communication and career. Culture preparations will support the expatriate to understand the difference between living in a country and visiting like a tourist. Compensation will give confidence and he/she will not feel pinched, and co-ordination deals with the ongoing support Ana return none Issues. Communication Ana career will link with the head office HER team and address any related issues. Conclusion Expatriate failure is the byproduct of the increasing internationalization of the organizations and in appropriate supporting systems to substantiate these teen requirements.

Alternative Approaches in Stress Reduction Assignment

Alternative Approaches in Stress Reduction - Assignment Example Besides behavioral and cognitive methods of stress management, other approaches have been proposed for this purpose like massage therapy and diet modification. Massage not only involves manipulation of physical and functional aspects of the body, but also psychological aspects. This is achieved by reducing anxiety and depression caused due to high blood pressure. Theoretically, massage is said to act by reducing the heart rate and blood pressure, stimulates release of endorphins and serotonin, increases flow of lymph and improves sleep (Moyer, Rounds and Hannum, 2004). Enormous research has been conducted which has established a relation between dietary type and increased levels of hypertension, blood pressure, diabetes and other health ailments that are also associated with stress. Increased stress instances caused due to these health issues are found to be more in people consuming high fat and carbohydrate. Modification in food habits, like consuming food rich in protein, fiber, nutrients, calcium etc have yielded substantial results in reducing body weight, cholesterol levels, blood glucose levels, and also blood pressure. Reduced salt and sugar intake have also lowered blood pressure and blood glucose. Hence, modification in diet along with reducing or eliminating risk factors such as smoking can help to a large extent in reducing stress levels (Billings,

Discrimination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Discrimination - Essay Example It can be called much close to ethnic discriminatory behavior. This Essay is based on one of the many victims of language-based discrimination. The subject is one Mr. Gafur Leka who will elaborate on the hard ships he had to face in his personal and professional life due to the bare fact that he was not well versed with the English language. Though it cannot be said as a serious handicap but people made him believe so. Mr. Gafur Leka believes that Discrimination in any form is bad for the unity and diversity of our society and men couldn’t grow and contribute positively to the society if either they are victims or perpetrators of Discrimination. He is equally critical of the Discrimination based on Language as often it goes un-noticed and seldom comes under the scanner. According to him the maximum cases of language based discrimination happen at the work place and often go un-noticed. According to Mr. Gafur Leka language based discriminatory behavior is equally bad and obnoxious for the social fabric. Mr. Gafur Leka works at Harvard maintenance at a fairly senior position of Maintenance supervisor for projects. But his position and standing in the society doesn’t reflect the prejudices and discrimination he had to face before finally attaining this position and gaining the respect of his peers. In the words of Mr. Gafur leka â€Å" I came here in the year 1970, armed with a mechanical engineering diploma from a reputed institute based in India.† It were tough times then for foreign emigrants who came, Mr. leka came here with stars in his eyes, but the moment he landed here it was a rude awakening for him. He was asked uncomfortable questions at the emigration counter about his ethnicity, his purpose of visit and more than anything he was poked at his inability to converse in English. â€Å" It was such a embarrassing experience for me, though I was able to understand a bit about what they were saying but couldn’t

Environmental Influences Essay Example for Free

Environmental Influences Essay A global plastic manufacturer, Riordan Manufacturing is on top among others in the field of plastic injection molding, with annual projected earnings of $46 millions. As an industry leader, Riordan have a labor force of 550 employees and have state-of-the art design capabilities that create innovative plastic designs which won an international acclaim. With its present capabilities, Riordan remains a strong and vibrant company in the industry. Riordan’s plan to open up new business in other country is not new as Riordan manufacturing has one in China. India is another country that has a strong potential for business to thrive. However, the company needs to consider pertinent ethics issues that are highly valued in that country. Of Course, India is a country with very sensitive culture especially in matter of religion. Which you identify the three most pertinent ethics issues faced by Riordan Manufacturing in conducting business in your selected country The most pertinent ethics issues Riordan manufacturing must take into considerations in putting up business in India should be the following; discrimination, sensitivity to local customs and tradition, and sensitivity to the economic condition of the society. While Riordan’s primary interest is to gain profits, they certainly need a strong workforce to facilitate its operation. However, Riordan manufacturing must address the ethics issues of discrimination confronting the employee-employer relationship in relation to employment. The ethics issues involve in hiring employees lies on how the management treats their employees, which according to Crane and Matten (2007) can serve as a moral hazard to employees. The situation of the Indian economy is potential breeding ground for discrimination as the government allows the hiring of employees on contractual basis. Davenport, Crotty, and Torres cited that Indian Law â€Å"starts from the common law premise that an employer has a right to terminate the services of an employee without giving a reason. Riordan Manufacturing can easily fall into temptation to exploit this law to serve its own interest at the expense of the contractual employees. Although it might be allowed by law, terminating employees merely on the ground of fixed contact terms allows the company to select the kind of employees they desired. This is discrimination because in effect, they are ejecting employees they do not like in favor of others whom they desired. Crane and Matten stated that discrimination in essence â€Å"is a violation of Rawl’s Theory of Justice, that social and economic inequalities are to be arranged so that they are attached to the offices and positions open to all under conditions of fair equality of opportunity† (p. 273). The next ethics issues faced by Riordan Manufacturing in conducting business in India are the sensitivity to local customs and tradition. India is known for its religious culture of regarding life as sacred whether human or animal life. Indeed, for Hindus, cows are sacred. Failure to respect local customs and tradition proved to be disastrous. This is clearly seen in the case of Disneyland in Paris whose initial failure was blamed for Disney’s lack of sufficient awareness of the local cultures. Riordan Manufacturing therefore must be aware of India’s local customs and traditions in order not to repeat the same mistake that caused Disney Company hundreds of millions of dollars in losses during the initial years of Disneyland in Paris. Since the company’s products are plastic beverage containers, it assumes no direct connection to what the Hindus regarded as sacred, however, Riordan manufacturing must be able to draw a clear concept reflecting the company’s fair dealing and high regard for ethical issues. Finally, Riordan Manufacturing must be able to demonstrate sensitivity to economic condition of the community. The company must contribute to the local government’s effort of community development by first of all providing employment opportunities to local residents, paying required taxes and other required fees to the local government, and avoid any express transactions via under the table arrangements. Riordan Marketing should also able to recognize its role not only as profit oriented company, but also a business organization responsible to both its shareholders stakeholders. That is, the company must care for the environmental and cultural impact of its business operation. How do these ethics issues impact Riordan Manufacturing’s marketing efforts Negatively, the lesson that was learned by Disney Company during the initial years of its operation in Paris is the answer how these ethics issues can impact Riordan manufacturing’s marketing efforts. Failure to consider these ethics issues will certainly lead to serious losses as it will affect the domestic market’s behavior in view of indifferent patronage of Riordan’s product. As Chryssides and Kaler (1993) pointed out, Riordan Marketing must recognize that business â€Å"is not just a matter of economic exchange of money, commodities, and profits; it involves human interactions, is basic to human society, and is intertwined with the political, social, legal, and cultural life of society (p. 37). Riordan Marketing’s failure to settle the ethics issues as cited above could seriously damage the marketing of the product and might even come to worse if a campaign to boycott the product will be spearheaded by any radical organization. India, being second most populous nation on earth and is a fast industrializing economy can be a huge market for Riordan Marketing promising a potential profits for the company. Positively however, the ethics issues discussed above can provide Riordan a positive image and insure domestic patronage if those ethics issues are observed by the company. The ethics issues properly addressed can reduce the negative impact of marketing, and it will also enhance the consumer well-being. Vilcox and Mohan (2007) aptly stated that ethics issues can â€Å"increase its positive impact by providing consumers with goods and services that can enhance their overall quality of life† (p. 50). The impact therefore of those ethics issues can be achieved by the company through creating a positive company image based on cultural awareness, respect and incorporating the customs and tradition to the company’s business strategy. If Riordan Manufacturing also wanted to consider marketing to a broader region that included your selected country (e. g. , Europe, Asia), what impact would this have on their marketing strategy? The impact Riordan Manufacturing’s marketing to a broader region is dependent of the company’s overall image. Based on the company’s history and current business performances, Riordan Manufacturing enjoys a very highly organized and well secure business transaction. They have no bad previous records in terms of their internal operation. The company’s human resource has an excellent policy with regard to employee-employer relationships and in terms of benefits the company provides its employees. The company’s ethical reputation of the company will certainly have good impact on their regional marketing strategy. Indeed, Riordan Manufacturing’s marketing strategy is ethical marketing. In a paper entitled â€Å"PR Campaign: Final Paper† of the University of Phoenix Public Relation dated 2007, the paper stated that Riordan Manufacturing is focused on creating an organization that recognize the individual employee’s importance to the company. According to the paper, the Riordan Manufacturing is bent on creating a socially responsible company to the community which is the stakeholder in this case. Furthermore, the company is doing its best to inform the public that although their products may not always be environmentally friendly, they are completely conscious of the public concerns (PR Campaign). Thus, even if Riordan Marketing will consider marketing to a broader region that includes India, it will not have negative impact on their marketing strategy especially in India because they have not violated any cultural issues or the local customs and tradition of the host country. Rather, addressing ethics issues such as those discussed above will always yield potential gains for the company. Considering that Riordan Manufacturing’s marketing strategy is it self ethical marketing, it means they are on the right track as ethics deals with what is good for the majority. The impact of these ethics issues is that it will enhance the company’s public relations that will surely have an immense impact on Riordan Manufacturing’s marketing strategy. The point therefore is clear, Riordan Manufacturing’s success in creating a company that is highly anchored on ethical principles and values will help them determine its course of success both in the broader region and in a particular country like India. In the meantime, Riordan Manufacturing is on its way of transforming itself towards a company that cares on every spheres of their operation ethically. They are a company that acknowledges responsibility on all their stakeholders beginning from their own employees, the organization, the community, and the country where it operates. Reference List Crane, A. Matten, D. (2007) Business Ethics USA: University Press Chryssides, G. D. Kaler, J. H. (1993) An Introduction to Business Ethics UK: Cengage Learning EMEA Davenport, G. , Crotty, M. , Torres, P. (2000) Termination of Employment Digest Switzerland: I LO Pr Campaign: Final Paper January 29, 2007 http://www. oppapers. com/essays/Pr-Campaign-Final-Paper/119681 Vilcox, M. W. Mohan, T. (2007) Contemporary Issues in Business Ethics New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc.

Death Penalty Essay: The Barbaric Practice of Capital Punishment

The Barbaric Practice of Capital Punishment      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      Rarely has any issue across the world faced such fierce debate as the practice of sentencing convicted persons to death. Capital punishment, or the death penalty, was until the last few centuries, a widespread and common event, applicable for even a minor offense. As society and culture have evolved, however, the barbaric practice has come under close scrutiny. Today, many first-world countries have outlawed the death penalty in all but the rarest instances, such as treason during wartime.    The United States, however, which has stood at the forefront of the fight for global human rights, still uses the death penalty liberally, and can apply it for a great many crimes. This archaic and primitive practice rightly leads other nations to question the United States' self-appointed leadership for global human rights. As many have that have closely examined the practice have concluded, this practice in the United States is not only impractical, immoral, but also fraught with error to such a degree that it could be easily outlawed. The unfortunate part, as many inside and outside our great nation believe, is that it is not.    The development of societies and their governments lead naturally to systems of laws and punishments. Originally, there were far more illegal acts than exist today, and the punishments were harsher, since an advanced prison system had not been developed. The basic premise of any legal system worldwide has always been simple, however: to take those who pose a threat to society and to remove them from it. The next act of choosing to actually kill these people was never a necessary act for society. Instead, it was a form of retributive justice,... ... Campaign to End the Death Penalty: Illinois Moratorium, "Moratorium Victory In Illinois" 13 Dec 2000 http://www.nodeathpenalty.org/ilmoratorium.html Dieter, Richard C., The Death Penalty in Black & White: Who Lives, Who Dies, Who Decides June 1998, 13 Dec 2000 http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/racerpt.html Genesis and John. Holy Bible (Chicago: Good Counsel Publishers, 1966) Hook, Donald D. and Lothar Kahn, Death in the Balance, (Lexington: Lexington Books, 1989) John, Mark and Alastair Macdonald, "Bush Hard Line on Executions Will Trouble Europe" 14 Dec 2000, 14 Dec 2000 http://dailynews.yahoo.com/h/nm/20001214/pl/bush_death_dc_1.html National Coalition to Abolish the Death Penalty, "Deterrence...Fact Or Fiction?" 13 Dec 2000 http://www.ncadp.org/fact5.html Sellin, Thorsten, Capital Punishment, (NY: Harper & Row) 122-124 and 239-253

Reflection by Christina Aguilera & Song Birds of Pain by Garry Kilworth

The Songbirds of Pain by Garry Kilworth and Reflection by Christina Aguilera shares the same theme of â€Å"finding one’s self (identity)†, the subject of both the selection and the song has been expected to act in ways which are opposite or afar from their true personalities. The Songbirds of Pain is about a woman who has her identity created for her, while Reflection is about a girl who was hiding who she was in order to reach the expectations of the people surrounding her. I have related some of the song’s stanzas to the event or occurrences that happened to Anita in the Songbirds of Pain.In the song Reflection on the first 4 lines â€Å"Look at me, you may think you see who I really am, but you’ll never know me. † I have related these lines in Songbirds of Pain because Anita (the protagonist) has had her identity created for her by Philip. Philip, Anita’s lover, has molded her to be someone who he wants to be with. He did not really know Anita from who she really is because (1) Anita was young when he met her and she has not found herself yet, and (2) he chooses to see what he wants to see and not what things really are.Anita did not complain about this, she did not mind that her opinions were just barrowed from Philip but then she had come to realize that one day Philip would leave her, and she would not have anything, except her beauty. But beauty fades away with youth, and she is growing older so she have decided to have an operation that will make her more beautiful and that will make her beauty last longer. In the third stanza â€Å"I am now, in a world where I have to hide my heart and what I believe in. But somehow I will show the world what's inside my heart and be loved for who I am†.Anita has this identity where she cannot show what she really feels and thinks. I think that Anita wanted an operation not just because she wanted everlasting beauty but because she wanted to finally show who she really is, I think she want to know what will happen if things in her life happened differently. Like what if, before Philip found her, she has already found herself? I think that she wants to use this opportunity to find out if Philip would still love her or if things would be the same as it was. In the sixth stanza â€Å"There's a heart that must be free to fly that burns with a need to know the reason why†.I think that when Anita was at Algarez, Brazil for her operation she felt free, because for the first time she has finally made a decision for herself. Even though she had second thoughts about the operation she still pushed it through, because I think that Anita felt that she needs to do this for herself and for her own good, and I think that she is testing herself if she could make the right choices for herself or choices that will make her feel satisfied and happy. In the last stanza â€Å"Why must we all conceal what we think and how we feel? Must there be a secret me I'm forced to hide?I won't pretend that I'm someone else for all time. When will my reflection show who I am inside? When will my reflection show who I am inside? † In the end Anita found herself, her world and she used pain (due to the operations) to get there. Secretly she loved that world, because she was herself, she did not have to act in ways that other people (Philip) expects her to be. She hid her love for pain, I do not think that she was proud of it, but she was able to fake just enough to go back to London. Philip was waiting for Anita at the Airport; he was waiting for Anita to arrive.When Anita saw Philip she felt how much she loves him, and what pain she will experience if she loses him. Pain, Anita has learned to love pain, and Anita was leaving Philip for the pain that it will cost her. She will be in pain, but at the same time she would be herself, forever. She would be in the world of Anita where â€Å"She was the sun, the moon, the stars, the Earth. She was voi d, she was matter, she was light. † She is going to be the center of her own universe. Anita has been a naive girl from the start of the selection but her character evolved after a series of occurrences that have been life changing for her.She managed to found herself even though it took her a long time. Like in the song Reflection, the subject was able to justify that she wants to be seen and to break free from the status quo that is holding her. The moral of this is; you should show who you really are and do not think that it’s too late because as the saying goes â€Å"it’s better late than never†. And do not expect that the path would not be rocky because it is always hard to get something that is worthwhile. We just have to be patient.

My Alert Case Essay

Was the first to see the business opportunity in the mobile alerts. The idea was already working well in another channel (Internet). The mobile phone market was growing very quickly. They offered a wide range and tailor-made services. Besides as MyAlert will be the first in the market, the technology investment could became a strength and turn it in an entry barrier, thing that actually happened. For these reasons we can assert that MyAlert was a good business idea. Which is the competitive advantage of MyAlert when it is launched? How the competitive advantage and business model evolves? Why? Is it sustainable? The competitive advantage of MyAlert at the begging was its own technological platform (MAGO). The platform was Valuable because was the core of the business also it was Inimitable, Rareness and Original due to they developed it from the scratch and was the first in the market specifically designed for its business model. Content Production Design & Packaging 1- Corporate Customers Distribution Sales 2- Other Customers Provision of Infrastructure (Mobile Operators) Looking at the value chain of MyAlet we can see highlight in red their core activity, their platform allowed them to distribute the content throw the network to the final customers, the key was that the platform has a great scalability able to distribute data throw different technology enablers (GMS, GPRS†¦) From the beginning they realized that text alerts could be used to provide customized services for corporate partners exploiting new business opportunities and here we can see a new competitive advantage because the company was able to introduce their investors into its own value chain getting content and a solid customer portfolio. This is a win win situation, the investors provide contents and the MyAlert provides them a new innovative service for them increasing the company revenues as well as turn over for the shareholders, this business model provides feedback itself being able to maintain it in the long run. After the merger MyAlert, which started providing data services for the mobile industry, changed its product portfolio and business model providing technology and mobile marketing services. Thanks to MAGO platform MyAlert was far superior technologically than Buongiorno!. On the other hand appeared a new product â€Å"consumer services† (ring tones, logos†¦) the new company had to adapt its business model including consumer services which soon produced benefits. Also they were able to keep creating new business models as â€Å"Digital Marketing Project†. As we have seen MyAlert is a good example of how a company is able to adapt and survive in a really dynamic environment what changes pretty fast, adapting and creating new business models and investing in technology in order to keep its leading position. Is the merge with Buongiorno! a must or just a good idea? Definitely the merge was a MUST, MyAlert had become a world leader and to keep this status they needed to remain this position in every market, soon they realized that it was impossible to achieve through organic growth. The economical environment was unstable due to the dot com crisis, investors become more demanding looking for positives results in the short term, competitors started to appear and revenues from advertising and m-commerce were reduced due to the economic crisis. All this factors push to Mr. Jorge and his team to look for a similar company with the same goal to join forces and survive in the long term, and this is how they found Buongiorno! And merge in order to keep growing in a very competitive dynamic market.

The Rise and Fall of Hitler Reich Essays - Adolf Hitler, Free Essays

The Rise and Fall of Hitler Reich Essays - Adolf Hitler, Free Essays The Rise and Fall of Hitler Reich title = The Rise and Fall of Hitler Reich The Rise and Fall of Hitlers Reich Feeling that all was lost, Hitler shot himself on April 30, 1945. By orders formally given by him before his death, SS officers immersed Hitlers body in gasoline and burned it in the garden of the Chancellery. Soon after the suicide of Hitler, the German forces surrendered. The war was officially over; however, the world was only beginning to realize the extent of its horror. The rise and sudden fall of Hitler had a sensational effect on people and nations around the world. On Easter Sunday April 20, 1889, at an inn called the Gasth of Zum Pommer, the wife of an Austrian Customs official gave birth to a son, Adolf Hitler. He was the fourth child to the parents of Alois and Klara Hitler of Austria. Hitler was a good student. He took singing lessons and sang in the church choir. When he hit an adolescent age, he began to rebel. When Hitlers dad acquired a top ranking job in the military, he wanted his son to work hard so that he might become a civil servant. Hitler wanted nothing of it. He wanted to become an artist like he always dreamed. One of the teachers in his high school classified young Hitler as "notorious, cantankerous, willful, arrogant, and irascible. He has an obvious difficulty in fitting in at school." He did well enough to get by in some of his courses but had no time for subjects that did not interest him. Years later, his former school mates would remember how Adolf would taunt his teachers and draw sketches of them in his school notebooks. Forty years later, in the sessions at his headquarters which produced the record of his table talk, Hitler recalled several times the teachers of his school days with contempt. "They had no sympathy with youth. Their one object was to stuff our brains and turn us into erudite apes themselves. If any pupil showed the slightest trace of originality, they persecuted him relentlessly". Adolf saw no real reason to stay in high school. He left school at age sixteen without a leaving certificate. In September 1907, Hitler left home taking with him all the money left to him by his father, who had died a few years earlier. The money would be enough for tuition and board at the art school in Vienna. The Vienna School of Fine Arts had strict entrance requirements. After taking the preliminary examination, the applicant was asked to submit drawings. Biblical drawings were most preferred. Hitlers drawings were returned saying they were "too wooden and too lifeless." He was rejected. He tried three months later and did not get past the preliminary exam. His artist career was over. His mother died two months later on December 21st 1907. Hitler moved into an apartment with his friend in Vienna. He pretended to be a student living off his relatives money. He read many books and sat in on the Austrian government sessions . Hitler speaks of his life in Vienna as "five years in which I had to earn my daily bread, first as a casual laborer, then as a painter of little trifles." He loitered about the streets and was hungry. He painted water postcards and peddled them on the streets. He drew several advertising posters for such things as soap, cigarettes, and deodorant. In 1913, Hitler moved to Munich. Life was not much better there until the First World War started in 1914. While many people were frightened and sad at the thought of a world war, Hitler was delighted. He held the rank of corporal, and in forty-seven battles he served on the Western Front as a dispatch runner, delivering messages back and forth between the front lines and the officers in the rear. His courage during one of these missions earned him the Iron Cross, a highly prized medal for bravery that was rarely awarded to a mere corporal . On October 13th 1918, a month before Germany surrendered to the Allies, his good luck ran out. When Hitler and his fellow dispatch runners were waiting in

10 Evaluation Essay Topics on the Spatial Order in Human Visual Perception

10 Evaluation Essay Topics on the Spatial Order in Human Visual Perception Are you having trouble writing an evaluation essay on the spatial order in human visual perception? If that’s the case, you can put your worries aside. Over the years, we’ve been helping students like you master the art of good essay writing. In this first guide, we discuss 10 facts on the spatial order in human visual perception. These facts will come in handy during the essay writing process and aid you in writing a highly precise essay which will leave quite the impression on your professor. Our second guide outlines 20 topics on the spatial order in human perception. These topics are relevant to the facts mentioned in this guide. We’ve also included a sample essay on the spatial order in human visual perception so that it becomes easier for you to write the actual essay and borrow ideas from the sample, so to speak. Finally, the third one is an academic guide to writing an evaluation essay on the spatial order in human visual perception. By reading this guide, you will be able to outline and seamlessly write a stellar essay. Without further ado, here are 10 facts on the spatial order in human visual perception: The human visual perception is far beyond our imagination. When we see our Earth’s surface, it appears that we can see nothing more than a few kilometers that lead up to the horizon. This is because the surface of the Earth literally curves out of sight after 5 kilometers.If the Earth’s surface were to be flat on the other hand, you would see a flickering candle flame even 48 kilometers away. In addition, our naked eye can see the Andromeda galaxy, which is located 2.6 million light-years away from Earth. The source of light that enters our retina travels from 1 trillion stars in the galaxy. Technically, we can see the color red with our naked eye, but in theory, it’s quite the opposite. Some scientists believe that the retina has receptors similar to that of an RGB (red, green, blue color spectrum) monitor. However, the eye’s retina can’t detect red shades. The so-called â€Å"red† receptor actually detects yellow-green hues whereas the â€Å"green† receptor detects blue-green colors or hues. These colors are then differentiated by our brain which tells us to see red colors. Selig Hecht, known for his remarkable work on human eye perception, made an accurate measurement of the human vision’s absolute threshold in 1941; i.e. the number of photons that must strike our retinas in order to stimulate the brain with visual awareness.The study that led to such a remarkable discovery was performed under ideal conditions where participants were allowed to adapt to total darkness; flashlights of 510 nanometer blue-green wavelength, acted as a stimulus, to which the human eye is most sensitive. It was concluded that our brain interprets vision when the retina is exposed to 5 14 photons. The human eye perception is limited to a certain degree. We are only able to see colors between 350 to 700 nanometer wavelengths. This is why we are not able to perceive ultraviolet and infrared colors. Ultraviolet colors fall in shorter wavelengths than 350 nanometers, whereas infrared colors are longer than 700 nanometer wavelengths. For example, when you take a look at bananas, you see the color yellow because they bounce off color wavelengths of 570-580 nanometers, when hit by full spectrum light. Have you ever asked yourself why you see things in 3D? Our brain is responsible for reconstructing images which let us experience life from a 3D perspective. This is because we have a pair of eyes that gives birth to a phenomenon known as Binocular Disparity – a slight difference in perspective between the left and right eye. Binocular disparity plays a vital role in giving depth to a scene. Convergence is another phenomenon which signals the brain to create depth of field, particularly when you are focusing on something close to your eyes. While we can see and perceive colors at the center in high resolution, our peripheral vision is very low in resolution – it’s blurry and nearly monochrome. However, we don’t actually see our peripheral vision as a monochrome image because our eyes and brain are quick enough to fill in the required details as soon as we become aware of this fact. It takes time for the human eye to perceive visual depth of a scene. The brain of a newborn child is not fully developed and must adapt to the new environment first before learning to construct a three- dimensional perspective. A study on infants has revealed that it takes a two months old baby to construct depth awareness of an image. Human visual perception is able to â€Å"adjust† to the dark by activating its own ‘night vision mode’. The neural pathways of the brain recalibrate themselves chemically to turn on scotopic vision circuits. These circuits are normally off during the daytime and require 20 minutes of darkness to be active. Scotopic vision circuits do not adapt to colors other than blue, as their receptors are blue-sensitive. You might have noticed how everything tends to take a bluish hue when you are trying to see in the dark. Ever thought why you can see the stars twinkling and shining at night? It’s because these receptors are very sensitive to even minor fluctuations in light. The brain is the main asset behind our visual perception. The eyes are merely tools to perceive light and transfer it to receptors that signal the brain to form images. The brain is, for a fact, the main component that constructs images and enables us to see perfectly. For example, our retina captures and interprets everything upside down, but still, we see everything the right side up. There are 100 million photoreceptors in each eye that enable us to see crystal clear images. However, there is only a million nerve fibers that act as a bridge to the eyes and brain. So, technically speaking, the resolution of our eye is not more than 1 megapixel. These facts will help you come up with your own topics and create masterpieces. For more guidance, head to our second and third guides. References: Natalie Wolchover, 2012 â€Å"How Far Can the Human Eye See?† Livescience  livescience.com/33895-human-eye.html Stephanie Pappas, 2010 â€Å"How Do We See Color?† Livescience  livescience.com/32559-why-do-we-see-in-color.html Stephanie Pappas, 2010 â€Å"Why Do We See in 3-D?† Livescience  livescience.com/32580-why-do-we-see-in-3-d.html Fiser, J., Aslin, R. N., 2001 â€Å"Unsupervised statistical learning of higher-order spatial structures from visual scenes† Psychological science, 12(6), 499-504. Gale Encyclopedia of Psychology, 2001 â€Å"Depth Perception† Encyclopedia  encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3406000183.html Brain Resources, â€Å"How Vision Works† Brain HQ  brainhq.com/brain-resources/brain-facts-myths/how-vision-works Paul King, 2016 â€Å"Visual Perception: What are some Mind Blowing Facts about the Human Eye?† Quora  https://www.quora.com/Visual-Perception-What-are-some-mind-blowing-facts-about-the-human-eye

Consumer Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 3

Consumer Behaviour - Essay Example In the modern business scenario, sustaining customer relation is more important that the old and often unsustainable "sell-it-forget-it" attitude. To build consumer loyalty and brand appreciation, marketing managers are increasingly turning to consumer psychology to create products and ad campaigns that are more compelling to the human psyche and easily retained in the human mind. In business, everything has a life cycle. Products, services, ad campaigns etc. have a vibrant period of activity after which it loses its sheen and becomes a liability on the company that promotes it. Even concepts have a life period after which they lose their relevance. This applies to ad campaigns as well. Ad campaigns have to be devised, modified, upgraded and dispersed at the right time and with optimum intensity in order to be of any value. Ad campaigns have to be devised keeping the consumer in mind. This means that each ad campaign will have an intended audience as its focus. Depending on the focus, ad campaigns will have to change its tone and tenor to attract the attention of the audience. A textbook definition of consumer behaviour is "The study of individuals, groups, or organizations and the processes they use to select, secure, use, and dispose of products, services, experiences, or ideas to satisfy needs and the impacts that these processes have on the consumer and society." 1 Not every ad is suitable for all age groups. Ads that are targeted at the young must be suited to their style and concepts. In addition, a very important point that campaigners have to adhere to is that ads must also satisfy peer pressure and not only the demands of the individual. Many young customers are easily swayed by peer pressure while older folks are more practical while considering the services that they plan to buy. Hence, while ads with a practical message often work well with older people, younger consumers

FreeWill and Determinism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

FreeWill and Determinism - Essay Example nment and chains, social constraints such as threat of punishment and censure, as well as mental constraints for example genetic predispositions, compulsions, and neurogical disorders. These constraints make individuals not to have free will. One might tend to think that since he or she can examine his or choices, conscious of making decisions and can perform corresponding actions then there is free will (Chorney et al 28). This is not true. It is possible that one could have the opportunity of choosing freely even though in fact one can never do. Notable issue as far as free will is concerned is that we can’t prove that we have free will by just indicating out that it seems as if we do. It is clearly possible to have the experience of free will even if in reality we do not have free will itself. Compatibilists which means those who define free will without reference to determinism argues that determinism is compatible with free will. Additionally, they consider the argument between hard determinists and libertarians over free will versus determinism as untrue dilemma. Another notable aspect of the compatibilists is that not being caused is not enough condition for freedom but not even a needed condition. They argue that if an action is uncaused, it seems to be random. Their main view is that free actions are not uncaused actions, but it refers to the actions that are caused in a certain way. The compatibilist indicates that first an action is free if and only if its cause is internal instead of being external to the agent. However, it is worth to note that this is not a clear definition since an action can result to internal cause yet it is not free. For instance, even though sneezing has internal cause, it is not a free action. Secondly, they argue that an action is free o nly when it is due to agent’s beliefs and desires. Even though this seems to be acceptable, it is still faced with counterexamples since there are cases where an action is caused by

Answer 5 questions - do not need MLA style Essay

Answer 5 questions - do not need MLA style - Essay Example Models could be easy or difficult to understand depending on the company’s flow of transmission of value for consideration. The level of complexity in a model could be the deciding factor for investment by an investor. (Ritchie)Moreover, unless one comprehends a company's business model, one would not know what the drivers are for future growth, and he will leave himself susceptible to being blindsided. For instance, Warrant Buffet never invested in an IT firm because he was unable to comprehend their business model. Competitive Advantage   Another key aspect is the identification of company’s competitive advantage over others. An investor is particularly interested in long-term success of the company and to reach that he needs to know which element would keep the company’s performance better than others. For instance, Wall-Mart possesses competitive advantage in price of the product. It means that it provides the product in the lowest price and no competitor c an beat them in a price war. Ultimately, if a company achieves competitive advantage, then its shareholders will be rewarded for decades. Management   A company cannot reach its objectives and cannot implement its business model if the leaders of the company fail to execute a plan. This information is present on the website of each company but it’s always sugar coated and one would not find anything useful on the site. Therefore, some ways to get a feel of management would be through a. Conference Calls- talk between CEO and CFO could reveal results. b. Management Discussion and Analysis (MD&A)- compare what management has said previously and what are they stating today. c. Ownership and Insider sales- If management holds share options then you have confidence that they will do well. d. Past Performance-identify companies CEOs have worked in the past and their performance. Corporate Governance   An important thing to analyze is the compliance of governance policies and ap plicable government regulations (such as the  Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002) by the company. Corporate governance policies normally cover a few general areas: structure of the board of directors, stakeholder rights and transparency of financials and information. As an employee, it is imperative that these factors are taken into consideration. An employee as well as the organization would like to share similar values. If the organizational culture is based on honesty and integrity, then a person with unethical behavior would not sustain for long. Therefore, employees’ actions should be in-line with the company’s competitive advantage and core values to benefit him as well as the organization. Moreover, an employee should know before entering a firm about its business model. There may be actions by the company which are against the values of the employee. Before the burn gets exacerbated, preventive measures should be taken. Furthermore, employee should consider the style of leadership practiced in the organization. If the company follows a bureaucratic structure, then the employee should be prepared to work hard on flattering his/her bosses. These aspects are not given equal weight ages in every company. However, all these factors are always considered by company’s stakeholders before jumping on to the decision. From an employee’s perspective, management’s role should be the factor to be analyzed closely. Usually, employee turnover is caused neither because of company’

The Impact of Technology on Marketing in Nigeria Essay Example for Free

The Impact of Technology on Marketing in Nigeria Essay With a few exceptions, available literature tends to uphold the view that technology has become a universally relevant concept in every business organization. Some argue that a consistent and positive relationship exists between Marketing and Technology. This paper therefore, proposes that with its effects on marketing, organizations and practitioner can create a symbiotic relationship between Marketing and Technology with the ultimate objective of sustaining or improving current marketing performances of these organizations. Our focus is to examine technology (ies) and it(s) effect on marketing activities and decisions. INTRODUCTION Drucker, (1980), observed that the business environment of the recent past has been characterized by turbulence. This has resulted on the reassessment of the growth prospects of various industries as well as dramatic upheavals in the relative positions of firms within these industries. The causes of these changes are numerous but it is by now apparent that a major cause of this upheaval is technology. Although technology has been ignored in most traditional considerations of economic or managerial behavior, it is no longer taken for granted. It has even risen to the forefront in debates on world and national economic policies and on the future of specific industries and markets. This paper attempts to examine the issues associated with technology in marketing and its impact not so much as in terms of the â€Å"quantity† of work and time employed to do the work, but rather in terms of the â€Å"quality† of the activity in marketing and its contributions. Today, marketers use technology to improve the quality of products and services offering. These new and evolving technologies coupled with increase management sophistication have transformed marketing from the creative art of yesterday into a true business discipline of today. In addition, it has resulted in developments that have provided important information and opportunities that have helped to meet customer needs and helped organizations to serve their customers better. Examples are scientific knowledge, research, inventions and innovations that result in new or improved goods and services, advances in manufacturing technology, improvements in distribution, better pricing techniques, etc. Most recently, the internet, an extensive global network of computes have made the distance between marketers, suppliers, and customer even shorter than what it use to be. In essence, we will discuss technology and merging aspects as they affect marketing practices and decisions. DEFINITION OF TECHNOLOGY The Advance Learners Dictionary described technology as the application of practical or mechanical sciences to industry or commerce and the methods, theory and practices governing such applications. An attempt to adopt this opinion will focus attention on machines and equipments in business. Technology has become more abstract, and its scope more defined that earlier thought. Pareauct and McCarthy (2003) opined that technology is the application of science to convert an economy’s resources to output. This only assumes that technology in business is a conversion process that enables firms to exploit available resources in new ways. Again, we see it as the application of science in the production and services. This also excludes auxiliary services in business. The definition of Bateman and Sneel (1999), seems to be more appropriate to describe technology in marketing. They see technology as â€Å"the methods, process, system and skills used to transform resources into products and services. This results in the commercialization of science by the systematic application of scientific knowledge to business products, process or services†. Jobber (2000) seems to confirm the above definition by outlining the following factors as important to technology in marketing. They are technology, methods, process systems and skills; a.Technology: As the method, process, system and skill that enable an organization to acquire, analyze and use the vast amount of data involved in managing its resources and customers. The technology needs to deliver the right information about the right customer at the right time so that the business can achieve its role in managing its resources and customers effectively, and efficiently. b.Method: For the technology to be effective there is a need for an understanding of the values, attitudes and behavior of various customers, prospects and stakeholders in the marketing process. This will help the organization to focus on such areas as the effective retention and acquisition of business customers for its long-term benefits. c.Process: Everything should be in a series of actions directed to provide a clear and consistent process for managing customer relations needed to be developed and reviewed in the light of changing customer needs and requirements in modern times. d.Systems: The technology should be able to provide some interacting elements that will form a collective entity. The implementation of the plans and processes that will deliver the value proposition to customer in every transaction must be synchronized and coordinated. e.Skills: The skills expected should involve special ability to perform in a given task. Key elements such as organizational structure should support effective customer management, role identification, training requirements for resources and employee satisfaction. The above factors are crucial to an organization’s ability to adapt to evolving technologies that may affect marketing technologies. Nickels, et al (1999), observed that technology in business has often changed names and roles over time. It started as data processing, information system, information technology virtualization and now to knowledge technology. This must have influenced Heineke (2003) to highlight of four stages in technology development as system-centric, PC-centric, Network Centric and Information Centric. Whatever the stage, the fact remains that technology in business or marketing has not reduced the amount of work but rather significantly changed the type of work performed by people in organizations. It has not replaced human labor, but induced deep and enduring changes in marketing environment. As technology affects the realm of marketing, as used in everyday life, its impact increases. This impact consists in not only a shift to different type of activities in business but also an encompassing effect on marketing in terms of quality. This quality is achieved by offering more comfort to customers as well as increasing the smoothness, user friendliness and efficacy in the performance of marketing activities. Generally, as technology in marketing advances, it might be possible to foresee some more enduring trends in marketing activities. The focus would then be on future issues on how to improve the quality of products and services provided by marketing for years to come. MARKETING AND TECHNOLOGY As stated above, technology has passed through well-defined stages. The history of marketing also shows very specific phases of growth from distribution, merchandizing, salesmanship, branding, advertising, database marketing to one on one marketing (Menton 2003). There existed a symbiotic relationship between technology and marketing. For example, from the early days of transportation, coming of radio, television, to computers networks. The effect of this relationship has been the steady reduction of the distance between the firm and the consumer. All these stages were greatly influenced in part by better and faster ways of doing business. As a business activity, marketing is facing a new and more complex environment. Technology, which affects this environment, has become very dynamic and highly volatile. Marketing and technology have become two of the most important aspects of any modern business. They share the skills and resources that are needed to power a successful and profitable enterprise. TECHNOLOGIES AFFECTING MARKETING Technology has been acknowledged as one of the most dynamic factors affecting business of today. It has spawn a myriad of applications that have potentially and dramatically impacted existing markets and different participants in the marketing activities like final consumers, sellers, seller of complementary service, intermediaries, information providers and business competitors. There is an unending and rapid advance in technologies that have led to amazing growth in knowledge technology. There are emerging technologies that have shown their usefulness given impressive declines in cost. The emerging and enduring technology in marketing as outlined by Shugan (2008), are i.Search and Engines: The internet now provides a wide variety of services for finding websites sellers, service people, product information, archival information, messages, reviews, announcements and search engines. The search engines are integral parts of the internet as a distribution channel. They help to disseminate information about products, brands and services of many firms. They allow for selected information, narrow buyers choice, increased assortment and targeting of particular items and customers. Examples of these search engines are; www.google.com, ww.yahaoo.com; www.msn.com; www.ask.com, etc. ii.Biometrics and Smartcards: Biometric is the automated identification of a person made by comparisons of physical physiology or behavioral traits to digital template. This technology provides an effective tool for countering undesirable arbitrage and provides the ability to identify a buyer from those only observing a buy. It also allows consumers to buy in advance and consumer later. On the other hand, smart cards are credit cards that contain chips with information on individual consumer. The cards allow users to both identify themselves and communicate private information. This technology has facilitated the Automated Teller Machines (ATM) and credit cards that have redefine the concept of place in marketing. ii.Mobile or Wireless Access Devices: This technology involves mostly the use of mobile phones and other Personal Digital Assistants popularly called PDAs, to access information from the internet about products and services. Their advantage includes, ubiquity, reach ability, convenience, security and privacy and personalization. The technology includes Short Messages Services (SMS), Wireless Application Protocol (WAP), General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) and 3G – a new generation of mobile service. iv.Interactive Digital Television: This offers similar facilities like the internet but provided with a simpler interface that can be operated from a remote control. It allows for distribution, information and participation interactive ness. This includes Asynchronous Transfer Mode, and Personal Communication services. v.M-Commerce and GPS Tracking: Mobile commerce (M-commerce) is the use of various information and communication technologies that allow the mobile exchange of information. It includes the use of a variety of devices such as mobile phones, wireless internet, and personal digital assistants. With the Global Positioning System (GPS), these devices can enable the users to determine their precise location on the earth surface. When it is linked to communication and computational components, they can transmit, locate and do location-based computation. They can be used to identify buyers and when it is inked to inventory system, could help to find the closest outlet for a particular product or service. vi.Enhanced Computational Speed: There is a remarkable increase in computing power. This has obviously spanned an enormous, number of opportunities for marketing. The increase in speed allows sellers of products and services to use sophisticated tools to analyze traditional database and continue to improve targeting strategies. These databases include information on automobiles, biomedical equipments, distribution devices, communication system, basic office equipments, etc. Business customers can now visit websites like visiting stores and even do their shopping on-line. THE IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON MARKETING IN NIGERIA The market place which is the interest of marketers is not what is use to be. Technology has shaken the foundation of marketing in several distinct and profound ways. It has affected marketing and marketing functions in Nigeria the following ways. Technology has allowed for the personalization of direct marketing activities and effects. Postal telecommunication and electronic correspondence can now be addressed specifically to individual customers. This has put the consumers in control, by giving the power of choice to them. Consumers can now get marketing messages where they want them and how they want them and most importantly, if they want them at all. Again, technology has also changed the media landscape. It is the foundation for the introduction of a vast array of new media alternatives. This has increased the reach and targeting power of marketers through the evolution and development of the internet, pod casting, blogging, I-pod and mobile technology. This has made it possible for a sponsor of an advertising message to select millions of messages and narrow cast any of them to millions of different individuals. It has changed how companies communicate with their customers and made marketing more scientific in the country. Furthermore, technology has completely transformed the measurement platform. That which was once considered to be beyond the scope of quantification has bowed to the reality that everything can fact be measured no matter how challenging or complex. This has helped to capture customer trends and behaviors in databases. Marketing strategists to define new markets, segment markets and plan marketing actions then apply these databases. Technology has crested a paradigm shift in marketing, which is referred to as Customer Relationship Management (CRM). This marketing-led approach helps to combine relationship marketing, direct marketing and data based marketing to build and sustain long-term business with customers. This seeks to establish long-term committed, trusting and cooperative relationship with customers that is characterized by openness, genuine concern for the delivery of high quality goods and services, responsiveness to customers. It suggests fair dealings and the marketers’ willingness to sacrifice short-term advantage for long-term gain. Technology provides the very foundation for effective customer relationship management in Nigeria. In addition, technology has become sustenance in a very short period and it has dramatically changed how consumers live their lives and how marketers need to address their customers. The influence of technology has grown into a macro-cultural shift in all aspects of society. This has affected the behaviors of consumer in all segments, of every society. It has helped to build â€Å"product or service communities†. An information gathering process that aims to access primary target groups and develop an enthusiastic community of customers for a firm’s products and services across the country. It has further widened the range of goods and services available to consumers and impact on companies’ promotion strategies. Components such as internet, CD-ROMs, etc enables buyer and sellers to interact on-line. They provide facilities that can be used to identify sales leads, conduct web-based marketers to make tough choices about how to spend marketing money and have shortened the window of time necessary to prove marketing success to business management and other stakeholders in Nigeria. An emerging definition of convenience in the country includes anytime, anywhere, anyway delivery of easy to use products and services. Electronic delivery of products and services has helped to create networks of websites and customers who sell, resell and recommend products and services offerings to their friends and other customers through these facilities. This has led to affiliate marketing across Nigeria. Finally, break through in technology have enabled the marketing of service that were until recently considered impractical in the country. The digitization of data content has brought new capabilities to interactive services and facilitated the creation of completely new classes of data. This is allowing an unimaginable quantity of information to be pumped into households via Internet, interactive devices, etc. This has facilitated the development of rich interactive services by marketers and marketing practitioners in the country. CONCLUSION Technology affects marketing in two basic ways, i.e new product/services and new processes of doing things in marketing. This technology is changing both the internal and external landscape of marketing. These forces of change facilitated by new and emerging technologies suggests a new emphasis of marketing as a strategic way of doing business has changed. Given this imperative of change, those responsible for marketing decisions in Nigeria must learn new ways to respond to the new business concept of â€Å"survival of the fastest†. REFERENCES Agbonifoh B.A. et al (2007); Marketing in Nigeria: 2nd Edition Concept, Principles and Decisions Afri Tower Books Aba-Nigeria Bergen, Mark Shantanu Dutta, Steven M. 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